Pure Hatred Essay Example for Free

Pure Hatred Essay Introduction It is so depressing to say that hate, the most powerful of human emotions is still rampant in today’s world. Despite decades of struggles for civil rights, sad stories of hatred are still being told. A lot of individuals have to walk the streets of cities, the halls of schools and offices, and even the rooms of their own houses in fear. Around this world people are still being attacked because of their race, their sex, or their religion. In this new millennium, is it going to be possible to create a safer environment for all people? Can each country become the â€Å"Land of the Free†? Sadly, individuals and groups that espouse hate are still active in the country. The horrific events of September 11, 2001, and the terrorism that has followed in its wake have made it even more important now than in the past to understand the nature of hate. Given the overwhelming displays of hate currently being displayed in the world, we have a responsibility to seek an understanding of hate, its causes, and its consequences and how to combat it and achieve a culture of peace (Brenes Du Nann Winter, 201; Brenes Wessells, 124). Typical Definitions of Hate The typical formulations of hate, those by Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza, Hume, and Darwin are notable for their contradictions. For Descartes (1694/1989), hate was an awareness of an object as something bad and an urge to withdraw from it. For Spinoza (1677/1985), it was a case of pain (sadness) accompanied by a perception of some external cause. For Aristotle (trans. 1954), the distinguishing phenomenological fact about hate was that it is pain-free (in addition to being incurable by time and striving for the annihilation of its object). Hume (1739-1740/1980) argued that neither love nor hate can be defined at all, because both are irreducible feelings with the introspective immediacy of sensory impressions. Darwin (1872/1998) also saw hate as a special feeling, one that lacks a distinct facial sign and manifests itself as rage. Hatred is causes of bitter sorrow. We find ourselves in repugnance and anger in the presence of one we hate. The joy of hate is being caused by the suffering, loss of power and reputation of the hated person. Shand (192) described hate as a syndrome, or a bundle of episodic dispositions united by a common emotional object or a common category of such objects. The key feature of such a syndrome is that a person may be legitimately characterized as having it without being imputed any corresponding episodic state. Modern Conceptions of Hate Sternberg (123) recently proposed that both disgust and contempt are special kinds of hate, cold hate and cool hate, respectively (see also Oatley Johnson- Laird, 87, for a claim that hate is a derivative of disgust). Steinbergs proposal is part of a broad theoretical typology based on the principle that, like love, hate can be characterized in terms of three action-feelings components: (a) intimacy (more precisely, the negation thereof), (b) passion, and (c) commitment. The feelings and actions associated with the first (negation of intimacy) component include revulsion-disgust and distancing, respectively. Fight-or-flight is the action pattern, and anger-fear are the feelings attending the passion element. The last (commitment) component involves an attempt to devalue the target of hatred through contempt. On the basis of this triangular structure, Sternberg posited a variety of hates. There is, for example, the already mentioned cool hate, composed solely of disgust, and hot hate, composed solely of the anger-fear combination. There are also cold hate (devaluation through contempt alone), boiling hate (disgust + anger-fear), simmering hate (disgust + contempt), seething hate (passion + commitment; also called revilement), and, finally, burning hate, which includes all three action-feelings components. True hate, he argued, is an emotion of intimacy, respect, and strength—There can be no hatred in weakness (Solomon, 326); he saw this equality of power as part of hates special mythology, ensuring that the antagonism involves an element of mutual respect. Though Solomon referred to hate as an emotion, the general affective construct that appears to fit best his own characterization of hate dynamics is that of a syndrome. Types of Hate Hate as an Emotion The hate as an emotion occurs based on the individual emotional experience. It is an emotion where people have to experience that affect the way they live. People come to hate other people whom have mistreated them. Hate that we learn as an Idea It is a long-standing hatred even of people they have never met, simply on the basis of belonging to groups in conflict or as an idea. Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. People who have an obvious difference make prejudice easier. If you resent your roommate because he or she is sloppy, you are not necessary guilty of prejudice. However, if you immediately stereotype your roommate on the basis of such characteristics as race, ethnicity, or religion, that is a form of prejudice. Prejudice tends to perpetuate false definitions of individuals and groups. One important and widespread form of prejudice is racism, the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior. When racism prevails in a society, members of subordinate groups generally experience prejudice, discrimination, and exploitation. In 1990, as concern mounted about racist attacks in the United States, Congress passed the Hate Crimes Statistics Act. This law directs the Department of Justice to gather data on crimes motivated by the victim’s race, religion, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. In 2000 alone, more than 8,063 hate crimes were reported to authorities. Some 54 percent of these crimes against persons involved racial bias, whereas another 18 percent involved religious bias, 16 percent sexual orientation bias, and 11 percent ethnic bias (Department of Justice 2001a). A particularly horrifying hate crime made the front pages in 1998: In Jasper, Texas, three White men with possible ties to race-hate groups tied up a Black man, beat him with chains, and then dragged him behind their truck until his body was dismembered. Numerous groups in the United States have been victims of hate crimes as well as generalized prejudice. In the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, hate crimes against Asian Americans and Muslim Americans escalated rapidly. Prejudice is also happening against Arab Americans and Muslims who live in the United States (226). The activity of organized hate groups appears to be increasing, both in reality and in virtual reality. Although only a few hundred such groups may exist, there were at least 2,000 websites advocating racial hatred on the Internet in 1999. Particularly troubling were sites disguised as video games for young people, or as â€Å"educational sites† about crusaders against prejudice, like Martin Luther King, Jr. The technology of the Internet has allowed race-hate groups to expand far beyond their traditional southern base to reach millions (Sandberg, 105). Hate causes Violence Hate is the most powerful human emotion exists that causes violence. It is a disease like tuberculosis. It may infect others, but it inevitably destroys the hater, diminishing his humanity and perverting the purpose and promise of life itself.   A special case of ostensive formulation might be found in the concept of the so-called hate crime. Hate crimes can be defined as criminal offenses in which the defendant’s conduct was motivated by hatred, bias, or prejudice, based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals. A more extensive definition can be found in the California Penal Code, which says that: â€Å"Hate crimes . . . means any act of intimidation, harassment, physical force, or the threat of physical force directed against any person, or family, or their property or advocate, motivated either in whole or in part by the hostility to the real or perceived eth nic background, national origin, religious belief, gender, age, disability, or sexual orientation, with the intention of causing fear and intimidation.† Hate crimes are not separate offenses, however, and it is important to realize that many types of felonies can be prosecuted as hate crimes. Hate crime laws, which have developed during the past decade or two, simply enhance or increase the penalties associated with serious offenses that fall into the â€Å"hate crimes† category. At the 1994 is typical of such legislation. The act provides for enhanced sentences where a federal offense is determined to be a hate crime. The federal Hate Crime Statistics Act, signed into law by then-President Bush in April 1990, mandates an annual statistical tally of hate crimes throughout the country. Data collection under the law began in January 1991. Yearly statistics show approximately 10,000 reported instances of hate crimes, including about a dozen murders. Most hate crimes (approximately 65 percent) appear to be motivated by racial bias, while religious hatred (15 percent) and sexual orientation (12 percent) account for most of the remainder. Many hate crimes that are reported fall into the category of â€Å"intimidation,† although vandalism, simple assault, and aggravated assault also account for a fair number of hate crime offenses. Notable in recent years has been a spate of church burnings throughout the south where congregations have been predominantly African-American. A few robberies and rapes are also classified under the hate crime umbrella in any given year. Hate crimes are sometimes also called bias crimes. One form of bias crime that bears special mention is homophobic homicide. Homophobic homicide is a term that refers to the murder of homosexuals by those opposed to their lifestyles.   Some hate crimes are committed by organized hate groups. According to the Intelligence Project of the Southern Poverty Law Center (457) organized hate groups operated in the United States in 1999. Another so-called â€Å"patriot† organizations, many with separatist leanings based on race or ethnicity, existed throughout the country. Some hate crime laws have not passed constitutional muster, often because they have run afoul of First Amendment concerns over free speech. In 1992, for example, in the case of R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated a St. Paul, Minnesota, city ordinance designed to prevent the bias-motivated display of symbols or objects, such as Nazi swastikas or burning crosses. Also in 1992, in the case of Forsyth County, Ga. v. Nationalist Movement, the Court held that a county requirement regulating parades was unconstitutional because it also regulated freedom of speech—in this case a plan by an affiliate of the Ku Klux Klan to parade in opposition to a Martin Luther King birthday celebration. Some writers have noted that statutes intended to control hate crimes may contravene constitutional guarantees if they: (1) are too vague, (2) criminalize thought more than action, (3) attempt to control what would otherwise be free speech, and deny equal protection of the laws to those who wish to express their personal biases. Examples of effective hate crime legislation can be found in a Wisconsin law that increases penalties for most crimes when the offender â€Å"Intentionally selects the person against whom the crime . . . is committed or selects the property that is damaged or otherwise affected by the crime . . . in whole or in part because of the actor’s belief or perception regarding the race, religion, color, disability, sexual orientation, national origin or ancestry of that person or the owner or occupant of that property, whether or not the actor’s belief or perception was correct.†Wisconsin’s penalty enhancement statute was upheld in the 1993 case of Wisconsin v. Mitchell. In that case, the United States Supreme Court held that Mitchell, a black man whose severe beating of a white boy was racially motivated, could be punished with additional severity as permitted by Wisconsin law because he acted out of â€Å"race hatred.† The Court called the assault â€Å"conduct unprotected by the First Amendment† and upheld the Wisconsin statute saying, â€Å"[since] the statute has no ‘chilling effect’ on free speech, it is not unconstitutionally overbroad.† In 2000, however, the Supreme Court, in the case of Apprendi v. New Jersey,struck down a New Jersey law that allowed judges to sentence offenders to longer prison terms for crimes motivated by racism or other bias. The law did not require that prosecutors prove to a jury that an offense was a â€Å"hate crime† under state law. Are there Any Cures for Hate? There is no magic bullet cure for hate. There are several possible steps, however. Indeed, Staub (240, 124) devised a program for intervening in cases of mass killings and violence (see also Veale Dona, 147). At the very least, one can start by modifying negative stereotypes, which can be done with some success (Blair Banaji, 219; Mackie, Allison, Worth, Asuncion, 156). In general, people need to: †¢ understand the triangular nature of hate and its escalation with successive triangular components so that one can recognize its often subtle presence; †¢ understand how hate is fomented through stories, often by way of propaganda; †¢ understand how hate can lead to massacres and genocide through the translation of feeling triangles into action triangles; †¢ combat feelings of impotence with constructive rather than destructive responses, and act against hate and its consequences rather than stand by as passive observers, as the world so often has done; †¢ realize that passive observation and often attempts at reason enacted in the hope that hate-based massacres and genocides will go away are perceived as weaknesses and tend to encourage rather than to discourage violence; and †¢ combat hate with wisdom. There is no complete cure for hate. Cognitive comprehension of a destructive psychological process does not insulate people from experiencing it. But given the destruction hate has caused over time and geography, there is a need to understand it, its consequences, and ways to at least try to combat it through understanding and especially through action. Indeed, there are few areas of psychology for which it equally can be said that action speaks louder than words. Many of the ways of combating hate are the same that one would use in resolving conflict situations and achieving peace (Christie, Wagner, Du Nann Winter, 238), including creation of win-win situations, building trust between groups, sharing information, each side asking questions of the other, generating multiple alternative options, and seeking understanding of groups to which one does not belong (Boardman, 149; Isenhart Spangle, 259). Sometimes when a group communicates to the other the story of what its members have experienced, they can come to an understanding of each other that is not possible when people stay silent and fail to communicate (Albeck, Adwan, Bar-On, 162). When wrongs have been committed, no solution may be possible unless both sides are willing to forgive (Azar Mullet, 95). Building tolerance and creating a culture of peace and a society in which people share equally in rights and in participation in the society can go a long way toward resolving problems of violence and hate (Christie Dawes, 2001; Miall, Ramsbotham, Woodhouse, 199; Montiel Wessells, 221). The question is whether people have sufficient good will to achieve this goal. Combating hate requires, first and foremost, taking responsibility for it, its perpetrators, and its consequences. Ultimately, the best way to combat hate may be through wisdom (Steinberg, 198). Intelligent people may hate; wise people do not. People like Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Mother Theresa, and Nelson Mandela had the same human passions as any of us, but in their wisdom, they moved beyond hate to embrace love and peace. The balance theory of wisdom (Sternberg, 198) defines wisdom as the application of intelligence, creativity, and experience toward a common good by balancing ones own interests with others interests and institutional interests over the long and short terms. By definition, wise people do not hate others because they care about the individuals (or groups) wellbeing as well as their own or that of their group. They seek solutions that embrace the legitimate interests of others as well as of themselves. Someone who cares about anothers interests and well-being cannot hate that person, in part because he or she cannot dehumanize that other. Schools typically teach children knowledge and to think intelligently. But they rarely teach for wisdom. Indeed, in many schools across the globe, they teach hate for one group or another. Ultimately, if society wishes to combat hate, its schools and institutions need to teach students to think wisely. They then will realize that hate is not the solution to any legitimate life problem. Indeed, it foments rather than solves problems. But to teach for wisdom requires wisdom, and so far, the possession of that wisdom is a challenge that many fail to meet, not because we cannot meet it, but rather, because we choose not to. It is to be hoped that, in the future, people will make the better choice—for wisdom rather than for foolishness and the hate that can arise from it. Conclusion To sum up, despite much recent attention to hate as a topic of discussion and intervention, there currently exists no generally accepted definition and cure of hate. More grievously, there is nothing approaching a consensus on how to delimit the domain within which such a definition would fall. Meanings of hate differ both across and within contexts. Thus, it remains unclear if different authors are indeed discussing or intervening against the same thing. The situation raises a number of questions: Why this cornucopia of meaning? How are psychologists to characterize the underlying disagreements? How they to decide which disagreements are are substantive and which are purely semantic? How are people to decide who is right and who is wrong? What would it mean to be right or wrong in this context? These are just some trying questions about hate, to which the answers are still unclear. But one thing is clear, definitely hate is not the answer and we have to control ourselves emotionally and change our minds for the better. WORKS CITED Albeck, J. H., Adwan, S., Bar-On, D. Dialogue groups: TRTs guidelines for working through intractable conflicts by personal storytelling. Peace and Conflict: journal of Peace Psychology, 8, 301-322, 2002. Aristotle. The rhetoric and the poetics o fAristotk (W. R. Roberts, Trans.). New York: Modern Library, 1954. (Original work written ca. 340 B.C.) Azar, F., Mullet, E. Willingness to forgive: A study of Muslim and Christian Lebanese. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8, 17-30, 2002. Blair, I. V., Banaji, M. R. Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163, 1996. Boardman, S. K. Resolving conflict: Theory and practice. Peace andConftict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8, 157-160, 2002. Brenes, A., . Du Nann Winter, D. Earthly dimensions of peace: The Earth charter. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 7, 157-171, 2001. Brenes, A., Wessells, M. Psychological contributions to building cultures of peace. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 7, 99-107, 2001. Christie, D. J., Dawes, A. Tolerance and solidarity. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 7, 131-142, 2001. Christie, D.J, R. V. Wagner, R.V. Winter, D.D. 2001, Peace, Conflict and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.,106, 2001. Darwin, C. (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. (Original work published 1872) Department of Justice. Hate Crime Statistics, 2000. Washington, D C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001a (Accessed October 16, 2002). Descartes, R. On the passions of the soul (S. Voss., Trans.). Indianapolis, IN, 1989. (Original work published 1694) Hume, D. A treatise of human nature. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1980 (Original work published 1739-1740). Isenhart, M., Spangle, M. Collaborative approaches for resolving conflict. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000. Mackie, D. M., Allison, S. T., Worth, L. T., Asuncion, A. G. (1992). The generalization of outcome-biased counter-stereotypic inferences, journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 43-64, 1992. Miall, H., Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T. Contemporary conflict resolution. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 1999. Montiel, C. }., Wessells, M. (2001). Democratization, psychology, and the construction of cultures of peace. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 7,119-129, 2001. Shand, A. F. The foundations of character (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan, 1920. Solomon, R. The passions. New York: Anchor Books, 1977. Spinoza, B.Ethics. In E. Curley (Ed.), The collected works of Spinoza (Vol. 1, pp. 408-617). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985. (Original work published 1677) Staub, E. (1989). The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Sternberg, R. J. Why schools should teach for wisdom: The balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 36, 227-245, 2001. Sternberg, R. J. A duplex theory of hate and its development and its application to terrorism, massacres, and genocides. Review of General Psychology, 7, 299-328, 2003. Veale, A., Dona, G. Psychosocial interventions and childrens rights: Beyond clinical discourse. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8,47-61, 2002.

Principles of Persuasion in Commercials Essay -- Advertising Marketing

Principles of Persuasion "higher involvement with a publication leads to more favorable perceptions of embedded ads, and higher levels of advertising persuasion" (Tipps 2000) Every day, consumers are exposed to no less than 1000 commercial messages (Meyers-Levy & Malaviya 1999). Of all the different techniques and strategies that try to make an advertisement most effective there is an underlying principle – persuasion. The whole point of any marketing ploy is to get the audiences attention and then change the mind to believe that their product or service is the best. There are a variety of different mediums in which consumers are exposed to advertisements: television, radio, magazines, newspapers, billboards, and public transportation. In all types of media, persuasion is used; yet there is not one theory that can establish a single hypothesis as to the direct route a message takes to make a favourable judgement. In order to have a holistic knowledge about the psychology behind persuasion, seven main theories of persuasion will be examined. The Cognitive-Response Model explains that the persuasion process takes place when a person reflects on the content of the message and has cognitive responses to the message. Cognitive responses are thoughts that develop while the process of elaborating on the message occur. Cognitive responses can be relating the message, to other messages previously exposed to or already existing knowledge of that product of service that is trying to be sold (Meyers-Levy & Malaviya 1999). This suggests then that persuasion happens when cognitive responses are favourable to the message. The proposition of the Dual-Process Model is that there is more than one means... ...signing Persuasive Messages: Deductions from the Resource Matching Hypothesis. Cognitive and Affective Responses to Advertising, 135-59. Gilbert, Daniel T. (1991) How Mental Systems Believe. American Psychologist, 46, 107-19. Gresko, Kennedy, Lesniak. (2000) Social Psychological Factors Underlying the Impact of Advertising. "www.csa.com/htbin/ids52/pocskel.cgi". Krugman, et al. (1994). Advertising: It's Role in Modern Marketing. United States of America: The Dryden Press. Meyers-Levy, J., Malaviya, P. (1999). Consumers' Processing of Persuasive Advertisements: An Integrative Framework of Persuasion Theories. Journal of Marketing Special Issues, 63, 45-60. Tipps, Steven W. (2000). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 60, 3737. Principles of Persuasion in Commercials Essay -- Advertising Marketing Principles of Persuasion "higher involvement with a publication leads to more favorable perceptions of embedded ads, and higher levels of advertising persuasion" (Tipps 2000) Every day, consumers are exposed to no less than 1000 commercial messages (Meyers-Levy & Malaviya 1999). Of all the different techniques and strategies that try to make an advertisement most effective there is an underlying principle – persuasion. The whole point of any marketing ploy is to get the audiences attention and then change the mind to believe that their product or service is the best. There are a variety of different mediums in which consumers are exposed to advertisements: television, radio, magazines, newspapers, billboards, and public transportation. In all types of media, persuasion is used; yet there is not one theory that can establish a single hypothesis as to the direct route a message takes to make a favourable judgement. In order to have a holistic knowledge about the psychology behind persuasion, seven main theories of persuasion will be examined. The Cognitive-Response Model explains that the persuasion process takes place when a person reflects on the content of the message and has cognitive responses to the message. Cognitive responses are thoughts that develop while the process of elaborating on the message occur. Cognitive responses can be relating the message, to other messages previously exposed to or already existing knowledge of that product of service that is trying to be sold (Meyers-Levy & Malaviya 1999). This suggests then that persuasion happens when cognitive responses are favourable to the message. The proposition of the Dual-Process Model is that there is more than one means... ...signing Persuasive Messages: Deductions from the Resource Matching Hypothesis. Cognitive and Affective Responses to Advertising, 135-59. Gilbert, Daniel T. (1991) How Mental Systems Believe. American Psychologist, 46, 107-19. Gresko, Kennedy, Lesniak. (2000) Social Psychological Factors Underlying the Impact of Advertising. "www.csa.com/htbin/ids52/pocskel.cgi". Krugman, et al. (1994). Advertising: It's Role in Modern Marketing. United States of America: The Dryden Press. Meyers-Levy, J., Malaviya, P. (1999). Consumers' Processing of Persuasive Advertisements: An Integrative Framework of Persuasion Theories. Journal of Marketing Special Issues, 63, 45-60. Tipps, Steven W. (2000). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 60, 3737.

Tranisition Into a Global Organization

What marketing considerations do you need to understand as you evolve from a domestic supplier or international distributor to a fully integrated global company? Is it an easy transition or does it demand restructuring of your market functions? There are many factors an organization must consider before and during the transition into a fully integrated global company. Although the transition may not be easy, evaluation of and planning for these considerations will enable an organization to evolve into a strong global organization. During this process of transition from a domestic company to a true global organization, some restructuring of the market functions will have to occur. The traditional marketing model from the seller’s point of view, or the Four â€Å"Ps† of marketing, is based on Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. This model is based on the assumption that the marketplace is driven by manufacturers. According to Schultz and Kitchen (2000), manufactured-driven marketplace has â€Å"evolved† into a distribution-driven market place where major retailers or distributors like Wal-Mart control the marketplace. Schultz and Kitchen (2000) go on to state that the marketplace is continuing to evolve into a newly emerging interactive marketplace brought about by the development of the internet and new e-commerce business applications. In this new interactive marketplace, the consumer interests rule and as a result, manufacturers, according to Schultz and Kitchen (2000) must adjust to consumer needs. This new trend has led to a new marketing model from the consumer’s point of view. This model, called the Four â€Å"Cs† is consumer oriented as opposed to the traditional seller oriented Four â€Å"Ps† model. The Four â€Å"Cs† model of marketing are Customers, Company, Competitors, and Circumstances. The global marketplace, according to Schultz and Kitchen (2000) is a combination of the other three marketplace functions. If this is the case, an organization that wishes to evolve into a fully integrated global company must evaluate the global market based on the Four â€Å"Ps† and the Four â€Å"Cs† and develop a business plan accordingly to the specific marketplace of implementation. What works locally for a domestic organization may not work lobally. Consider the example of the Starbucks Company failure in Australia. According to Patterson, Scott and Uncles (2010), a contributing factor to the failure of Starbucks in the Australian marketplace was that Starbucks tried to bring â€Å"what worked in the US and applying it here (Australia), without really understanding the local market. † Starbucks had an unsustainable business model because the company failed to do the research that would have enabled the company to effectively market its product to the Australian consumer. References Patterson, P. , Scott, J. , & Uncles, M.. (2010). How the local competition defeated a global brand: The case of Starbucks. Australasian Marketing Journal, 18, 41-47. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy1. apus. edu/pqdweb? did=2097829591&sid=4&Fmt=3&clientId=62546&RQT=309&VName=PQD Schultz, D. & Kitchen, P.. (2000). Communicating Globally: An integrated marketing approach. Lincolnwood, IL: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/apus/docDetail. action? docID=10153056

Evidence Of Things Unseen By Marianne Wiggins - 1267 Words

In the novel Evidence of Things Unseen, Marianne Wiggins tells the story of Fos, a World War I vet who is fascinated with radiance and all things that give off light , especially his very own X-ray machine. He falls in love with a girl named Opal and they get married. In a series of events, Fos and Opal adopt a child and name him Lightfoot. Throughout the novel, Fos expresses his love of science and his belief that it can solve any problem. Towards the end, Fos and Opal, with their son, go to work for a government facility where Fos takes pictures and Opal helps with the bookkeeping. Unknown to them, though, the facility was erected for the sole purpose of perfecting the atomic bomb. While staying at this place, Opal and Fos find out that they are both suffering from radiation sickness, Opal succumbing to the effects more rapidly than Fos. He believes that this is due to the X-ray machine, since Opal was X-rayed more often than Fos. Finally, the atomic bombs are dropped on Japan, and Fos puts two and two together: he had contributed to the making of the atomic bomb. This, coupled with Opal’s failing health, causes Fos to feel betrayed by science. An article titled â€Å"Out of the nuclear shadow: Scientists and the struggle against the Bomb† by Zia Mian, shows the perspective of some of the scientists behind the making of the atomic bomb; Mian also urges the audience to stop the building of nuclear weapons. Both these texts work to convince the audience not to take science atShow MoreRelatedAn Examination of the Modernization in the American Society in Marianne Wiggins ´ Evidence of Things Unseen1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel Evidence of Things Unseen by Marianne Wiggins identifies several ways in which the American Society modernized during the interwar period, the time period between World War 1 and World War 2. To be considered modern a country had to become industrialized. Industrialism is a way of life that encompasses profound econom ic, social, political, and cultural changes. (Modernization) America made three profound social changes which modernized the nation. The American government tried to improve

Statistics on Child Sexual Abuse

Child sexual abuse is such a devastating crime because its victims are those least able to protect themselves or speak out, while those who perpetrate it are most likely to be repeat offenders. Many pedophiles follow career paths—including the clergy, athletic coaches, and counselors of troubled youth—that provide them with a steady stream of underage victims, while simultaneously and ironically, earning them the trust of other adults. The following facts and statistics, drawn from the National Center for Victims of Crime Child Sexual Abuse fact sheet, reveals the scope of child sexual abuse in the United States and its devastating long-term impact on a childs life. Underreporting Perhaps the most troublesome aspect regarding child sexual abuse is that its a significantly under-reported crime thats difficult to prove or prosecute. Most perpetrators of child molestation, incest, and child rape are rarely identified or brought to justice. According to the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), almost 80,000 cases of child sexual abuse reported each year fall far short of the actual number. Abuse frequently goes unreported because child victims are afraid to tell anyone what happened and the legal procedure for validating an episode is difficult. Child Sex Abuse Percentages by Gender and Age Children are most vulnerable to sexual abuse between the ages of 7 and 13. In the May 1997 issue of Pediatric Annual, Dr. Ann Botash estimated that 25% of girls and 16% of boys experience sexual abuse before they turn 18. Statistics for boys may be falsely low because of reporting techniques. 67% were under age 1834% were under age 1214% were under age 6 Offenders are Often People Children Know and Trust Bureau of Justice Statistics from 2000 revealed that all victims of sexual assault reported to law enforcement agencies, of offenders who victimized children under age 6, 40% were under age 18. 96% were known to their victims50% were acquaintances or friends20% were fathers16% were relatives4% were strangers How Poor Parenting Affects Child Sex Abuse Sociologist and researcher Dr. David Finkelhor, who specializes in child sexual abuse and related topics, notes that its often a parents connection (or lack thereof) to his/her child puts that child at greater risk of being sexually abused. Despite what children are taught about stranger danger, most child victims are abused by someone they know and trust. When the abuser is not a family member, the victim is more often a boy than a girl. The results of a three-state study of reported rape survivors under age 12 revealed the following about offenders: Parental inadequacyParental unavailabilityParent-child conflictA poor parent-child relationship Psychological Ramifications of Early Sex Abuse AACAP findings indicate that a child of five or older who knows and cares for the abuser becomes trapped between affection or loyalty for the person and the sense that the sexual activities are terribly wrong. If the child tries to break away from the sexual relationship, the abuser may threaten the child with violence or loss of love. When sexual abuse occurs within the family, the child may fear the anger, jealousy or shame of other family members, or be afraid the family will break up if the secret is told. How Perpetrators Influence or Intimidate Their Victims Child sexual abuse involves coercion and occasionally violence. Perpetrators offer attention and gifts, manipulate or threaten the child, behave aggressively or use a combination of these tactics. In one study of child victims, half were subjected to a physical force such as being held down, struck, or violently shaken. The Impact of Incest Girls are the victims of incest and/or intrafamily sexual abuse much more frequently than boys. Between 33-50% of perpetrators who sexually abuse girls are family members, while only 10-20% of those who sexually abuse boys are intrafamily perpetrators. Intrafamily abuse continues over a longer period of time than sexual abuse outside the family, and some forms—such as parent-child abuse—have more serious and lasting consequences. Recognizing Signs of Child Sex Abuse Behavioral changes are often the first signs of sexual abuse. These can include nervous or aggressive behavior toward adults, early and age-inappropriate sexual provocativeness, alcohol consumption and the use of other drugs. Boys are more likely than girls to act out or behave in aggressive and antisocial ways. Chronic depressionLow self-esteemSexual dysfunctionMultiple personalitiesDissociative responses and other signs of post-traumatic stress syndromeChronic states of arousalNightmaresFlashbacksVenereal diseaseAnxiety over sexFear of exposing the body during medical exams When Kids Abuse Kids According to research commissioned by the Justice Department from the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire, more than one-third of all sex crimes against juveniles are perpetrated by other juveniles. Juvenile offenders make up 36% of sex offenders who victimize minors.Seven out of eight of these offenders are at least 12 years old93% are male. Steps Parents Can Take to Stop Child Sex Abuse Keeping open lines of communication with kids is crucial in order to prevent or curtail child sexual abuse. Children must understand that sexual abuse is never the victims fault. First, children should be taught what behavior is appropriate affection—and what is not. Next, children must be made to understand that if someone—even someone they know, including a family member—is behaving toward them in an inappropriate manner, they should tell their parents immediately. The AACAP says that while children should be taught to respect adults, that does not mean adhering to blind obedience to adults and to authority. For example, telling children to always do everything the teacher or babysitter tells you to do is not good advice. Children should be taught to trust their instincts. If someone tries to touch your body and do things that make you feel funny, say NO to that person and tell me right away. Sources Medline Plus: Child Sexual Abuse.  U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.  Child Sexual Abuse Statistics. National Center for Victims of Crime. Finkelhor, Davidï » ¿; Shattuck, Anne; Turner, Heather A.; Hamby, Sherry L. The Lifetime Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Assault Assessed in Late Adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health—55. pp. 329, 329-333. 2014Koch, Wendy. Study: Many Sex Offenders are Kids Themselves. USA Today. January 4, 2009.Sex Abuse. , No. 9. American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry. November 2014.Facts for Familys GuideFinkelhor, David. Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse. The Future of Children. 1994Becker, Judith. Offenders: Characteristics and Treatment. The Future of Children. 1994

Should Open Lunches Be Banned - 1023 Words

Throughout high school, I had always thought my experience would’ve been more enjoyable if I had the choice of open lunch. Every day I had despised walking to the lunch room knowing I would be served a food that I disliked. Now what If we were all able to pick the food of our choice? I think Wood County Schools should allow students to have off campus lunches, therefore the students could leave the campus to get the food of their choice. In this case, students can choose their lunch without having the fear of what type of â€Å"mystery meat† will be served every day at 12:15 in the lunchroom. Students will be able to leave campus and go wherever they choose. Many schools are against this because it poses a danger to students. The reason open†¦show more content†¦In particularly seniors in high school. The next year they will be graduated and living on their own, they should surely have the opportunity to leave a high school campus to eat lunch. Open lunches give students an opportunity to get away from the daily stress of school. With a chance to leave campus, it gives the student a break from all that is going on at school that day. It is also a way to relax and just get away from the rest of your peers. Instead of being cooped up in a lunch room with hundreds of people, you can go elsewhere to eat with a couple friends. If you’re having a bad day, open lunch gives you the opportunity to get away and take a breather. Also a good side about open lunch is, you don’t have to wait in line behind hundreds of other people. There is a slim chance of having to wait in front of that sum of people at your local Taco Bell. A reason why many school districts disagree with open lunches is because it gives the students an opportunity to get into mischief. With the students not supervised by teachers or adult supervision, it gives them the opportunity to do whatever they wanted. 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Strategic Management Capstone Ethical and Social Considerations

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management Capstone. Answer: Introduction Dairy industry of Australia is one of the biggest in the world that contributes lot to the global dairy business. Australian dairy industry is dedicated to provide quality with competitive pricing to enhance the competitive advantage. Bulla dairy is one of the major players in the Australian dairy industry, which is quite capable to influence the overall dairy market. Australian Dairy market has lot of domestic and international players who are operating in a profitable manner. The dairy market includes lot of products like milk and milk associated products that are dependent directly on the milk production. Ice cream, cheese, yoghurt like products are therefore influenced by the production of milk, which regulates the pricing and quality (David David, 2016). The report is focused on the several strategic aspects of the organization that is important for the business. Several strategic issues are identified within the organization that hinder the growth of the organization and need to solve in an urgent basis. While identifying the strategic issues of the organization the report also focus on the strength and limitations of the organization. This report focuses on building awareness of about ethical and social considerations to become more relevant in the global context. To understand the above aspects of the organization this report has emphasized on several theories, concepts and models like value chain analysis, PESTLE analysis, SWOT analysis, VIRO analysis and Porters five force model that will help to diagnose the actual problem and find out solutions for them. Analyzing the organizational issues and several theories suitable recommendations are provided to improve the current performance of the organization. Background of the Organization Bulla dairy is one of those companies that are 100% owned by the Australian families by last 100 years. The company is operating their business in the dairy segment that includes manufacturing of ice cream, cottage cheese, yogurt, sour cream, table cream and imitation cream under various brands that are marketed in the global market. The business of Bulla Dairy was established in the year of 1910 that successively became a partnership business among three Australian families. Bulla Dairy acquired two companies Colac Ice Works and Regal Cream in 1930 and emphasized to expand their business in the global market. The company has greater acceptance in the Australian market however; they are not able to get success in the global market and expand their business ("Bulla, made with care and shared with love | Bulla Dairy Foods", 2016). The business objective of the company is to provide quality product to their customer that also concern about the health and wellbeing. Apart from that, the company is supporting the dairy farmers so that they provide better raw materials to the organization that will ultimately help to produce quality product for the customers. Apart from manufacturing of dairy products, the company also markets their product directly in the market and through wholesaler and franchise business. The unique marketing strategy of the company is associated with emotion of the 100% Australian owned therefore they are not able to expand their business in the global market. Because of that, the growth of the organization has become very slow because Australian market is already saturated and many competitors are present in the limited area (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). Strategic Issues of the Organization Operating a business in any segment will always have some issues regarding many aspects and Bulla Dairy is not any exception to that. Bulla Dairy also has lot of strategic issues in their organization that are hindering their business process that are discussed below. The first issue of the organization is the procurement of the raw materials from their supplier. The company is highly concerned with the quality of their product and they face several challenges to that. Different supplier provide different standard of products to the company and they have to evaluate the standards each time they procure their products (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). This type of operation in procurement involves wastage of time and affects the manufacturing process. Production becomes slow that directly affects the profitability of the organization. The second issue of the organization is the marketing of their products that is highly associated with the Australian sentiment. Due to the single direction of the marketing strategy, the company is unable to make business in the international market. Bulla Dairy also lacks to decide the target market in the global scenario. The third issue of the company is to create the competitive advantage as compared to their customer. The company is operating in a saturated market where many global brands are also competing therefore it is becoming difficult for them create a price advantage or process advantage (Cloutier, LeBaron Whittington, 2015). The forth strategic issue of the organization is the distribution system. The company has their own distribution system, which is not able to supply products in every corner of the country. Therefore, Bulla Dairy is depending on the third party logistics to make their product available. The company is unable to arrange the logistic plan because of area allocation problem. The fifth issue of the organization is the low productivity due to lack of capacity utilization. Due to the low productivity, the organization is losing the profitability as well as the market share, which is a threat to the business. Value Chain Analysis Figure 1: Value chain analysis of Bulla Dairy (Source: Siegel, 2015) Primary activity Value chain analysis of Bulla dairy is associated with the business performance of the organization at current situation that signifies the market situation also. The value chain analysis is mainly supported by two major activities. The first one is the primary activity and the second one is the support activity that determines the profitability of the organization. Support activity Support activity is the several operational and technical activities that the firm generally do to improve their performance. Infrastructure of the firm Bulla Dairy is one of the oldest organizations that is operating their business from last 100 years. Therefore, from longtime the company has built their infrastructure that is quite good in these days. The company has two factory for production and own logistics facility to distribute their product to the market (Petroni, Venturini Verbano, 2012). Human resource of the firm Three Australian families who are dedicated to their business own the Company. Apart from that, the company recruit good and young talent from the local market therefore they provide lot of support to the business in terms of operation as well as from the awareness. Bulla Dairy values their employees properly and they try to enhance the employee retention to enhance the profitability of the organization. Technology development Bulla dairy has developed their business through the proper implementation of technology. The company has enabled the boiler and other process to achieve the automation as much as possible to ensure the continuous production performance in any condition. Lot of effort has been putted to production line to enhance the manufacturing process (Jenkins et al., 2015). Procurement The Company is facing one issue with the raw material procurement, which is very serious now. The procurement process involves the standard monitoring process to maintain the quality, which incurs lot of time and slows the production process. Primary activity Primary activity of the organization is associated with the basic and mandatory activities for the business. The company never compromise with the product quality and they try to sustain their business through this. Some of the primary activity of the organization is facing some issues that which is evident in the value chain analysis. Inbound logistics Inbound logistics of the organization is associated with the issues like slow process due to quality check during the procurement process. Most of the raw materials are standardized so that lesser time is expected to take. Operations Every department of the company is working well because of the smooth process between the departments. The delay of the process only happens due to the procurement issue otherwise every department performs well (Starik, Kanashiro, 2013). Outbound logistics Outbound logistics are the part of the business. the company has several trucks for the outbound logistics and they found it difficult to supply every corner of the country. The company has taken an initiative to improve the distribution system by involving third party logistics. Marketing and sales Marketing and sale of the company is not up to the mark because they are not adopting the current trend of the market. The company is selling only with the Australian sentiment, which is inhibiting the growth in the global market (Hair et al., 2012). Services The local customers are getting the service through the direct store and through mall. The mobile van of the company also sells their product in different parts of Australia however; the company has little concern to provide benefit to the global customers. Due to huge competition in the market Bulla dairy is not able to increase the cost therefore the profit margin on every product is very low (Ayag, Samanlioglu Bykzkan, 2013). Analysis of the Organization Pestle PESTLE Analysis Political The political environment of the business in Australia is good therefore; the company is able to operate their business with a sustainable manner. The international market does not have the same stability. However, Bulla dairy has to choose those countries for their business where political stability is better (Glover et al., 2014). Economical The economic environment of business is moderate in Australia. The economy of the country is stable and improving in terms of gross domestic product. The incidence of recession has affected the country badly however Australia has a great tourism market that ensure the business for Bulla Dairy. Social Social and cultural aspect is highly motivating for the business because Australians are very cooperative and support good activities. The international market has the diversity though it will support the business of Bulla Dairy. Technological The company has implemented various modern technologies in their manufacturing unit to enhance the quality and productivity. The automated machine of boiling and mixing has increased the speed of the production line. The company is also trying to reduce the procurement time through better technology (Henderson, Cheney Weaver, 2015). Legal Bulla Dairy is operating their business in a sustainable manner, which has helped them to operate their business in a legal way. Environmental Environmental factor has lot of impact on the Dairy business that directly affects the milk production. Several diseases inhibit the milk production and company has to bare the loss. Bulla Dairy is operating several animal health activities to increase awareness among the farmers. The company is also emphasizing to reduce the carbon footprint in their production process. Figure 2: PESTLE analysis of Bulla Dairy to (Source: Created by author) SWOT SWOT analysis Strength Bulla Dairy is one of the most renowned companies in the dairy industry who are operating their business for long time. Huge product range has enabled to grab good number of market share. 100% Australian owned company is the positioning statement that has helped to attached with the emotion of every Australian to prefer their brand. The company has highly skilled work force that has enabled them to produce quality product (Buys et al., 2014). Technology implementation has reduced the labour cost. Company owned distribution and sales network is the advantage for business. Weakness The company is restricted within the Australian region therefore international market remains unexplored. The market has become very competitive where most of the international brands are presence to make profit. The brand portfolio of the company is low and they do not have any diversified product. Opportunity Huge global market remain unexplored that can be tapped easily to increase the business. Economic stability has helped to increase the income level in a constant manner that has increased the buyer purchasing capacity (McDonald et al., 2014). Threat Cattle disease is the biggest threat for the company, which will cut the milk supply. Increased cost of production is a threat to the market competition. Technological problem can also inhibit the business productivity. Figure 3: SWOT analysis of Bulla Dairy (Source: Created by author) Five Force Model Figure 4: Porter's five-force model analysis to understand the strategic issues of Bulla Dairy (Source: Siegel, 2015) Threat of new Entry The dairy market is highly saturated in Australia however global market provides lot of opportunity in this business. The threat of new entrant in the market is moderate in the domestic market due to low profit margin. The segment also requires lot of knowledge and technology advancement to produce good quality product. Therefore, it is not easy to compete in this segment, which restricts the flow of new entrants (Wilhelm et al., 2016). Buyer power Buyer power is high because many options are available to them. Many companies are providing the similar product with similar quality and similar price. Therefore, company ahs to ensure that their products are available in the market to restrict substitutions (Klerkx Nettle, 2013). Threat of substitution The dairy market has become saturated in Australia and many global and local companies are operating their business with similar products. To get the competitive advantage most of the companies reduce their price therefore threat of substitution is very high in the market. Supplier power The cattle farming is good business in Australia therefore many milk supplier is available in the market however standard is not equal. The quality supplier is less and they charge high price. The capacity of the supplier is also good therefore need of multiple suppliers is also less (Gollnow et al., 2014). Since there is less number of quality suppliers, therefore the company has less option that restricts supplier substitution. The power of supplier is very high in terms of quality. Competitive rivalry The number of competitors in the market is high therefore, company is not able to increase the price. In terms of quality, most of the companies are in the same position and customers understand that. Cost differentiation becomes difficult because of the competitive pricing and low profit. Analysis of the Strategic Issues VIRO Analysis VIRO analysis Value Bulla dairy manufacture products in their own factory, which always look for quality product and then supply through their own logistics to ensure availability that creates a high value for their products to their customers. Imitation The products are easily imitable and any other company can make similar products for their customers. Most of the popular flavors are copied by the competitors and produce similar effect in the market. Rare The range of products they produce is high and many rare products are available which is rarely available to the competitors. Organization All the factories of the company is in the same location and run by the same management. Therefore, uniformity is maintained in the organization. The sales and marketing is also operated under the same corporate office, which helped to reduce the strategic issues at the early stage. Figure 5: VIRO analysis of Bulla Dairy (Source: Grunert Traill, 2012) Recommendations Bulla dairy has to change their system of procurement to maintain the speed of production. Company can easily set a unit, which will be responsible to check the standard in the suppliers premises therefore the quality checking process will become faster. The marketing of the company should change the tag line to attract more number of global customers. The marketing should meet the local requirement whereas standard will remain according to the global standard. The company is not able to increase the productivity according to the industry standard. Apart from that, the cost of production is also high. The involvement of technology and increased productivity will help the company to increase the competitive advantage in the market. Bulla dairy should do the entire distribution through third party that will reduce the cost of transportation as well as few functional departments, which will enhance the productivity. The increased responsibility on each employee will help to utilize the resources properly to increase productivity. Conclusion Bulla Dairy is operating their business for long time in the market, which has developed many strategic issues within the organization. The overall analysis of the business is good and they operate in a stable environment and economy where competition is also high. Most of the time the company face the cost advantage problem whereas international brands are gaining profit. The company also has problem in their operational activity. The improvement in the procurement regarding quality check is very important. The process is becoming slower due to delay in quality checking. The report suggests finishing this process in the supplier premises that will save the time in the factory. The other issue of the company is the distribution that needs to be done through third party to gain the cost advantage over the competitors. The repost also emphasize on the business environment where buyers power is very high because of several competitors available in the market. In spite of several issues in the organization, Bulla Dairy is operating good business that can be improved in future. References Aya, Z., Samanlioglu, F., Bykzkan, G. (2013). A fuzzy QFD approach to determine supply chain management strategies in the dairy industry.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,24(6), 1111-1122. Bulla, made with care and shared with love | Bulla Dairy Foods. (2016).Bulla.com.au. Retrieved 8 July 2016, from https://www.bulla.com.au/ Buys, L., Mengersen, K., Johnson, S., van Buuren, N., Chauvin, A. (2014). Creating a Sustainability Scorecard as a predictive tool for measuring the complex social, economic and environmental impacts of industries, a case study: Assessing the viability and sustainability of the dairy industry.Journal of environmental management,133, 184-192. Cloutier, C., LeBaron, C., Whittington, R. (2015). Objects of Attention: Material Artefacts and Strategic Issue-Sustaining over Time. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 14634). Academy of Management. David, F., David, F. R. (2016). Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. Glover, J. L., Champion, D., Daniels, K. J., Dainty, A. J. D. (2014). An Institutional Theory perspective on sustainable practices across the dairy supply chain.International Journal of Production Economics,152, 102-111. Gollnow, S., Lundie, S., Moore, A. D., McLaren, J., van Buuren, N., Stahle, P., ... Rehl, T. (2014). Carbon footprint of milk production from dairy cows in Australia.International Dairy Journal,37(1), 31-38. Grunert, K. G., Traill, B. (2012).Products and process innovation in the food industry. Springer Science Business Media. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T. M., Ringle, C. M. (2012). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications.Long range planning,45(5), 320-340. Henderson, A., Cheney, G., Weaver, C. K. (2015). The role of employee identification and organizational identity in strategic communication and organizational issues management about genetic modification.International Journal of Business Communication,52(1), 12-41. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Jenkins, M., Ambrosini, V., Collier, N., Raynard, M., Johnson, G., Greenwood, R., ... Lockett, A. (2015). 1 Advanced Strategic Management: Strategy as Multiple Perspectives.Advanced Strategic Management: A Multi-Perspective Approach, 1. Klerkx, L., Nettle, R. (2013). Achievements and challenges of innovation co-production support initiatives in the Australian and Dutch dairy sectors: a comparative study.Food Policy,40, 74-89. McDonald, R., Macken-Walsh, ., Pierce, K., Horan, B. (2014). Farmers in a deregulated dairy regime: Insights from Ireland's New Entrants Scheme.Land Use Policy,41, 21-30. Petroni, G., Venturini, K., Verbano, C. (2012). Open innovation and new issues in RD organization and personnel management.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(1), 147-173. Siegel, D. (2015). Special Issue of Strategic Organization:Strategic Management Theory and Universities.Strategic Organization,1, 3. Starik, M., Kanashiro, P. (2013). Toward a theory of sustainability management: Uncovering and integrating the nearly obvious.Organization Environment, 13(3), 132-139. Wilhelm, M. M., Blome, C., Bhakoo, V., Paulraj, A. (2016). Sustainability in multi-tier supply chains: Understanding the double agency role of the first-tier supplier.Journal of Operations Management,41, 42-60.