The Obama Administrations approach to the Democratic Revolution in Research Paper

The Obama Administrations approach to the Democratic Revolution in Egypt - Research Paper Example Albeit most historical literatures are inclined to cut the genocide and bondage that is attributed to the European series of invasion that comprises the North American continent, hardly any have any delusions regarding the real motives of Rome, Great Britain, Spain and other nations regal escapades. Correspondingly, when prospective learners of history study about the assignment that the US government has undertaken to proliferate democracy at the tail-end of the 21st century, they will likewise realize its real motivations way better than the thinkers and political analysts who oftentimes being seen on television nowadays. Not so long ago, a chaotic military and political demonstration took place in Egypt that desires the downfall of Mubarak from power. â€Å"Security forces and military police, swinging batons, firing birdshot and driving armoured personnel carriers, stormed the square late Sunday afternoon, chasing out protesters and burning tents.† (Fleishman & Hassan, â€Å"Frustrated Egyptians Come Out in Force†). The latest democratic revolution in Egypt delivers numerous visions into the margin between the United States governments apparent and genuine dedications to democracy in the continental regions of North Africa and in the Western Asia. â€Å"An alternative interpretation of Washington’s response to the Egyptian revolution, however, suggests that US officials have no desire to see democracy establish itself in the North Africa or West Asia, their public pronouncements---repeated endlessly by the major news media---notwithstanding.† (Napoletano, â€Å"The Egyp tian Revolution and Democracy†). Concurring to the most accurate versions of the media, the Obama Administrations interest for the democratic revolution was strengthened by its craving for stability and constancy in these regions. Particularly, some United States officials, concurring to this outlining of the revolutionary end, desired to

Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Teenage Pregnancy Essay In years past teen pregnancy created problems in several countries. However in the United States among teenagers, teen pregnancy rose, but there was no help from programs like the National Geographic’s channel, and Teen Mom that aired on MTV. Individuals saw a version of what might have been with cameras rolling, however if the cameras are not rolling then life takes on a different meaning. When someone is not paying for your chance at fame out in the world and your problems are exposed on television all you would have to turn to are yourself and your newborn baby. Anonymous. Issues in science and Technology, Jan 1, 2005, Vol .21, No 3 (Spring 2005), P 65-70 Retrieved April 7, 2013, from ProQuest database. This article represented the work of Sarah S. Brown and what she has done with the campaign for preventing teen Pregnancy the article was well done and depicted lots of information about Sarah work. Sarah represents the director of National Campaign for Teenage Pregnancy. The article gives an explanation of why teenagers should refrain from having sex, and it’s the best way of preventing pregnancy between teenagers. This article shows that it was peered reviewed. Malcolm, D Targeting teenage single mothers. The Lancet, Vol. 342, No. 8877 (October 16, 1993), p. 978. Retrieved April 7, 2013, from the ProQuest Database. The article was very interesting, and described that there was 45,000 single teenaged mothers in the United Kingdom in 1993, which is a growing concern for teenagers around the world and not just the United Kingdom. In th e United States the article stated that President Clinton will face challenges pertaining to women’s Health. The article also presented lots of information pertaining to the United States and the United Kingdom. This article was also peered reviewed.

Talking to Ghosts :: Personal Narrative Psychology Essays

Talking to Ghosts During my research, I was reminded of an incident in my psychology class that led me to write about this topic. It was a Friday and I walked into my psychology class thinking we were going to prepare for our upcoming class, but I was all wrong. My professor walked in and claimed he had ESP, which is extrasensory perception. He said that he could read people’s minds and know what we were thinking. My teacher asked us to write anything simple on a piece of paper and fold the paper in half. My classmates wrote a message on the paper and handed the papers to him. One by one he read them and had most of my classmates, including me believing he could do that. To my surprise, what he said was completely false and he went on to say how there is no such thing as ESP and psychics because there were not any tests to prove that there were. By this time I was upset because I couldn’t argue my point and I knew other wise to his theory of there are no psychics and no ESP. If psychics were false and ESP was false than what could be said about a renowned psychic, Sylvia Browne and one of my best friends, who as of right now will be known as â€Å"Bob†. My friend â€Å"Bob† and I have known each other for a year now. I never truly found out about her special gift till we started talking and realized that we were exactly alike. See my friend told me that she can talk to ghosts and spirits. She has instances where she is not herself, but someone else from a different time and a different place. She, my friend, trusted me and knew I wouldn’t treat her like a crazy person who needed psychiatric help. Before I get to her story, I should probably explain the difference between ghosts and spirits and to do that I went to books I own by Sylvia Brown. In Sylvia’s book The Other Side and Back ghosts were explained as people who do not realize they are dead. Ghosts are earthbound because they either committed suicide, have regrets of their mistakes they made, feel the need to stay behind for loved ones or they just died so quickly that they have not realized the truth.

7-Eleven Casestudy

INTRODUCTION The ability to respond quickly to the ever-changing marketplace is paramount to the success of most businesses. The convenience-store industry is a highly competitive one and 7-Eleven’s ability to become a leader market leader appears to be based on the company’s ability to quickly respond to the rapidly changing tastes and needs of the market. 7-Eleven has not always enjoyed success, especially in the 1980s when things got really bad for the company. Helped, however, arrived in the form of Ito-Yokado (the company’s Japanese Licensee).Ito-Yokado revamped the entire retailing approach of the company by introducing an innovative approach to retailing which, along with the aid of technologically advanced systems, significantly impacted 7-Eleven’s success. ANALYSIS Ito-Yokado’s innovative approach to retailing is known as â€Å"tanpin kanri† or â€Å"item-by-item management†, a business approach that revolves around the follow ing: 1. Carefully tracking and paying attention to the fine details of the buying preferences of customers 2. Allowing the customers tastes and shopping habits to dictate the products that are carried in 7-eleven stores. -Eleven has been able to simplify the process of tracking and paying very close attention to the shopping habits of their shoppers by using the information systems installed in all of their stores. USING TECHNOLOGY TO IMPACT SUPPLY CHAIN VISIBILITY, VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY Technology plays a vital role in 7-Eleven’s supply chain. The company’s state-of-the-art information systems appear to have reduced the company’s supply chain risks by increasing visibility, while reducing variability and uncertainty. Supply Chain Visibility Supply Chain visibility is the ability to access relevant supply chain information.Thanks to cutting-edge technology, like the Mobile Operations terminal or MOT, 7-Eleven knows the exact amount of individual items that are sold in each of its 5,800 North American stores on a daily basis. Another technology: the MC3000 handheld scanner lets the company collect data on items as they come off delivery trucks- increasing the company’s visibility on a real-time basis. 7-Eleven’s supply chain visibility has been greatly impacted by technology as it allows the company to better predict, with great accuracy, the number of individual SKUs that each store will sell. Supply Chain VariabilitySupply chain variability involves volatility in the flow of goods and services in a supply chain. By having the right systems in place, 7-Eleven’s supply chain variability appears to have significantly decreased. The MOT system at 7-Eleven, for example, allows stores to better forecast the number of individual SKUs, resulting in decreased storage and spoilage costs; and the elimination of potential bullwhip or snowball effects. MOT has also slashed the amount of time and labour that it takes to count inventory and to order new products, causing an improvement in company efficiency and a decrease in variability.Supply chain uncertainty Supply chain uncertainty occurs when decision makers do not know what to base their decisions on (due to a lack of proper information). 7-Eleven store managers used to color code information manually physically keep track of frozen sandwiches by their written expiration dates and would sometimes make sandwiches on the premise when instructed by corporate management. Information systems now allow stores to accurately forecast the number of stock/items that need to be replenished, resulting in significantly reduced uncertainty. THE BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY AT 7-ELEVENTechnology has played a crucial role in increasing 7-Elevens profitability and market share. The hundreds of millions of dollars that the company has invested in technology in the past decade appear to be paying dividends in the following ways: †¢Increased profitability: Last year, t he store reported $12. 2 billion in revenues †¢Increased share prices: Company stocks have soared above $30, since trading for less than $6 in early 2003. †¢Consecutive sales increases: The company boasts 35 consecutive quarters of same-store sales increases Technology plays a crucial role in the gathering, analyzing and distribution of information at 7-eleven.While other convenience stores chains have just gotten around to POS scanning, 7-Eleven has item-by-item information gathering systems that assist in day-to-day decision making. 7-Eleven’s retail information system or RIS provides timely sales data that enables stores to tailor their product assortments to meet the demands of their customers, reducing the risks involved in introducing new products ( due to the availability of sales data within 24 hours of a product’s introduction). The 7-exchange data system for category management, which suppliers access online, provides insights that can lead to new p roducts or product packaging.The information on this system can even alert suppliers to a potential or missed opportunity. 7-Eleven’s has opened its doors to small suppliers through its Web Vendor terminal. Suppliers who cannot afford EDI use this to communicate with the company and accept orders for very specific items like ethnic items or the self-serve espresso in a Manhattan store 7-ELEVEN’S BUSINESS STRATEGY The driving force behind 7-Eleven’s success appears to be the company’s ability to execute a Customer Intimacy strategy.Customer intimacy involves targeting specific market segments, then tailoring offerings that meet the demands of these segments. Companies that excel at this are known to: 1. combine detailed customer knowledge with operational flexibility (so they can respond quickly to fulfil the needs of their customers) 2. Continuously tailor and shape their products and services (in order to fit their customers). According to Keith Morrows, 7-Eleven’s CIO and VP of information systems, â€Å"decisions about what should be in the store are best made at the store, at the moment of truth, by people in the store, on a real-time basis†.This allows the company to shape their stores around the customer’s day-to-day habits, instead of basing company decisions on focus groups, marketing research or non-scientific guesses. Pursuing a Customer Intimacy strategy can be expensive: 7-Eleven spent $93 million on technology as the company installed new HP servers, wireless LAN, computer-based training software and new ordering system for fresh foods. Customer intimate companies, however, are willing to spend in order to build long-term customer loyalty that provides lifetime value to the company.

Policy and Performance of Indian Education Essay

In terms of demographic profile, India remains one of the youngest nations in the world with 38.2% of its population in the 0-5 year age bracket. This translates into the Indian Education system being one of the largest educational systems globally with a network of more than 1.2 mn schools and around 31,000 Higher education institutes. Education, being one of the important determinants of human welfare of any nation, the GoI has accorded priority for the promotion of education especially primary & secondary education in India. Correspondingly, the government’s spend on education as a percentage of GDP stood at 3% while accounting for 11.3% as a proportion of all public expenditure. However, the GoI is faced with several hurdles in terms of penetration across all education segments viz: Pre- school, K-12, Higher education etc as well as reaching out to the students in tier-III cities and rural areas. The GoI has therefore emphasised on Public Private Partnership (PPP) in education so as to augment the literacy rate from 74% as per the Census 2011. The educational segments i.e. Pre-school, K-12, Information & Technology (ICT) in schools and Higher education form the important constituents of the Indian education. Of the same, the Pre- school market in India still remains largely unorganised and under-penetrated. However, the ease of setting-up of pre-schools as well as the growing acceptability of pre-school concept in India augurs well for the industry. The K-12 institutes in India largely remain governed by the GoI accounting for 80.2% of the total 13.5 lakh schools in India. Of late, with greater interest evinced by the private corporates/ trusts / educational societies etc, the share of private institutions in the K-12 space has grown from 18.9% in FY07 to 19.8% during FY11. The scope of ICT in schools has also gained prominence in recent times through GoI’s programmes such as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), ICT @ Schools etc. The penetration of ICT in schools however remains low especially owing to the slower pace of such roll-outs in the government owned or aided K-12 schools. In case of Higher education institutes, the ‘not-for-profit’ mandate coupled with the requirement of  affiliation from multiple regulatory bodies such as UGC, AICTE etc proves to be a roadblock for the entry of private institutes. However, in view of the rising enrolments in higher education coupled with the growing variety of educational streams, the private sector participation is expected to grow to catch in the growing penetration levels. CARE Research expects the size of the Indian Education System at US$ 102.1 bn with CAGR of 11.2% during FY11-15. Apart from the growth of educational segments as mentioned above, CARE Research expects the other trends such as GoI’s orientation towards PPP, entry of corporates and foreign educational institutions (especially in K-12 & Higher education), growing focus on the Distance education mode of learning and growing acceptability of the vocational courses to remain the key drivers to the growth of education in India. Introductory: Beginning with a brief statement on the educational situation on the eve of independence, In spite of all that had been achieved under the British Rule, we began our Freedom on a fairly low level of attainment in education in almost all respects. We then had 17 universities and 636 colleges (With a total enrolment of 238,000 students), 5,297 secondary schools with 870,000 students, implying that not even one youth in every twenty in the age-group 14-17 was in school, 12,843 middle schools with two million pupils and 1,72,661 primary schools with fourteen million students (which implied that only one child out of every three in the age-group 6-11 was in school). Vocational and technical education was but poorly developed, both at the school and university stages, and the supply of high level trained scientific man-power was very limited. Educational inequalities were very large, especially between one region and another, between urban and rural areas, between men and women, and between the advanced and intermediate castes on the one hand and the scheduled castes and tribes on the other. The standards of education were generally unsatisfactory, especially at the school stage, with too much of emphasis on English and too little stress on mathematics, science or the Indian languages. The percentage of literacy was only about fourteen and the total educational expenditure was just about Rs. 570 million or less than half a per cent of the national income. It was this challenging situation which the nation was called upon to reform whenit kept  its first tryst with destiny in 1947. The modern school system was brought to India, including the English language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay in the 1830s. The curriculum was confined to â€Å"modern† subjects such as science and mathematics, and subjects like metaphysics and philosophy were considered unnecessary. Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link with nature was broken, as also the close relationship between the teacher and the student. POLICY The Uttar Pradesh (a state in India) Board of High School and Intermediate Education was the first Board set up in India in the year 1921 with jurisdiction over Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In 1929, the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana, was established. Later, boards were established in some of the states. But eventually, in 1952, the constitution of the board was amended and it was renamed Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). All schools in Delhi and some other regions came under the Board. It was the function of the Board to decide on things like curriculum, textbooks and examination system for all schools affiliated to it. Today there are thousands of schools affiliated to the Board, both within India and in many other countries from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. Universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6-14 was a cherished dream of the new government of the Republic of India. This is evident from the fact that i t is incorporated as a directive policy in article 45 of the constitution. But this objective remains far away even more than half a century later. However, in the recent past, the government appears to have taken a serious note of this lapse and has made primary education a Fundamental Right of every Indian citizen. The pressures of economic growth and the acute scarcity of skilled and trained manpower must certainly have played a role to make the government take such a step. The expenditure by the Government of India on school education in recent years comes to around 3% of the GDP, which is recognized to be very low. â€Å"In recent times, several major announcements were made for developing the poor state of affairs in education sector in India, the most notable ones being  the National Common Minimum Program (NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The announcements are; (a) To progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6 percent of GDP. (b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education, there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. (e) To universalize education through its flagship program such as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Market Overview India has the world’s largest population in the age bracket 5 to 24 years of about 450 million. It also has around 500 million in the 25 to 59 age bracket which constitutes the working population and is expected to continuously increase even as the world’s working population ages and diminishes. This phenomenon will make India a supplier of workforce to the entire world. In the wake of this reality, the Indian education system should therefore be able to produce a workforce which is globally competitive and thus reap its demographic dividend. Literacy in India is one of the key deterrents to socioeconomic progress of the country. The Indian literacy rate currently stands at 74% compared to 12% at the end of British rule in 1947. Although there has been a six fold growth, the level is well below the world average literacy rate of 84%, and India currently has the largest illiterate population compared to any other nation in the world. A quick look at Exhibit 1 below provides an insight into the current literacy levels of Indians. Therefore, as India moves ahead on the path of globalization, it needs to overhaul its education system to meet the future demands. Enrolment Levels Despite having the largest Kindergarten to Grade 12 (K- 12) population globally, India has a low enrolment rate in schools, especially at the senior secondary level. The enrolment percentage has fallen from 113% at  primary to 81% at middle school and then to 31% at secondary & higher secondary levels. Low enrolment and high drop-out rates are caused by low availability of schools in rural areas, low awareness, and prevalence of child labour amongst lower income strata. The enrolment percentage is calculated as the ratio of total numbers of students enrolled in specified grades to total number of children in that age group. At the primary level this is upwards of 100%, as even children greater than 11 years of age are enrolled in Grades 1-5. This is largely a rural phenomenon prevalent in Govt. schools across the country. Key Segments The Indian Education sector can be segmented under four broad heads, namely, Schooling, Higher Education, Vocational Education & Skill Development and Ancillary. The Exhibit 3 below provides an overview of the various education segments and their respective subsegments. Schooling Segment The schooling segment covers the largest population of our society as compared to any other form of education. The segment is also the largest education segment valued at USD 44 billion in 2011 and is expected to reach USD 144 bn by the year 2020. The market size of its various sub-segments with growth rates and projections for the year 2020 is mentioned in Exhibit 4. Out-of-School Children: The number of out-of-school children has declined from 25 million in 2003 to 8.1 million in mid–2009. The most significant improvements have been in Bihar, Jharkhand, Manipur and Chhattisgarh. The percentage of out-of-school children in highly populated states like Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar remains a cause of concern. Social Inclusion: Although there have been significant improvements in the proportion of children from socially disadvantaged groups in school, persistence gaps remain. Girls are still less likely to enroll in school than boys; in 2005, for upper primary school (Grades 6-8) girls’ enrolment was still 8.8 points lower than boys, for Scheduled Tribes (ST) the gender gap was 12.6 points and 16 points for Scheduled Castes (SC). In addition, ST and SC children are less likely to access their right to 8 years of schooling; the drop-out rate for ST children being 62.9% and 55.2% for SC children compared to a national average of 48.8% leaving school before completing Grade 8.

Free Essays on Disintegration of USSR

Running head: DISINTEGRATION OF USSR Disintegration of USSR Nitasha XYZ University Disintegration Of USSR (Soviet Union) The great Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which emerged as a result of the spectacular October 1917 revolution, disintegrated even more dramatically in December 1991. The fall of Soviet Union with its far-reaching consequences on the global politics is regarded as the most important political event of the 20th century. It would be interesting to study the political, economic and social factors, which contributed to the fall of this great country. As Sam Marcy (http://eserver.org/history/collapse-of-ussr.txt) says The collapse of the USSR has inevitably caused wholesale desertions from Marxism. This is not uncommon when great catastrophes are experienced by the world working class. Nevertheless, over a protracted period, the working class has always shown astonishing recovery and regeneration. We believe that the dissolution of the USSR will be no exception.1 Historical Background The recorded history of the Soviet Union dates back to the 8th century A.D. when the European and Middle Eastern traders explored this region. At that time it was inhabited by the Slavic tribes. However the Scandinavian chieftains established the first Russian empire in the 9th century, which centered round Kiev and Novgorad. Later on this region remained under the control of the Mongols from 13th to the 15th century. Ivan the Great was declared the first Tsar of unified Russian principality in 1547. Ivan conquered Kazan and Astrakhan and established trading links with England. After that Peter the Great (1682-1725) remained the Tsar and emperor of Russia from 1682 to 1725. Peter introduced many reforms in the country and in 1703 founded the city of Petersburg. Thus the Great Russian Empire was founded which in future was destined to play important role in the politics of the world. By the 19th century Russian ... Free Essays on Disintegration of USSR Free Essays on Disintegration of USSR Running head: DISINTEGRATION OF USSR Disintegration of USSR Nitasha XYZ University Disintegration Of USSR (Soviet Union) The great Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which emerged as a result of the spectacular October 1917 revolution, disintegrated even more dramatically in December 1991. The fall of Soviet Union with its far-reaching consequences on the global politics is regarded as the most important political event of the 20th century. It would be interesting to study the political, economic and social factors, which contributed to the fall of this great country. As Sam Marcy (http://eserver.org/history/collapse-of-ussr.txt) says The collapse of the USSR has inevitably caused wholesale desertions from Marxism. This is not uncommon when great catastrophes are experienced by the world working class. Nevertheless, over a protracted period, the working class has always shown astonishing recovery and regeneration. We believe that the dissolution of the USSR will be no exception.1 Historical Background The recorded history of the Soviet Union dates back to the 8th century A.D. when the European and Middle Eastern traders explored this region. At that time it was inhabited by the Slavic tribes. However the Scandinavian chieftains established the first Russian empire in the 9th century, which centered round Kiev and Novgorad. Later on this region remained under the control of the Mongols from 13th to the 15th century. Ivan the Great was declared the first Tsar of unified Russian principality in 1547. Ivan conquered Kazan and Astrakhan and established trading links with England. After that Peter the Great (1682-1725) remained the Tsar and emperor of Russia from 1682 to 1725. Peter introduced many reforms in the country and in 1703 founded the city of Petersburg. Thus the Great Russian Empire was founded which in future was destined to play important role in the politics of the world. By the 19th century Russian ...

Free Essays on Workplace Stress

Workplace Stress With the rise in technological advances and the use of email comes the rise of workplace stress. With the rise in technology, the vast majority of organizations have turned to email as a way in which to keep up the pace. Email may bring the information to an individual quickly however; it also tends to bring the stress along with it. â€Å"Although heralded as one of the most valuable business tools, the research suggests that email may be the largest cause of stress in the workplace† (iafrica .com editor, 2002). Not only does the technological advance of email show a rise in stress it also brings up a vast amount of ethical issues. Many issues have been brought to light with the rise in the use of email as a means of communication. It is a faster way to supply information from one organization to another, as well as internally. â€Å"Due to the pervasive use of information technology and its dual potential to be used for good or bad, we need to consider the specific issues that arise when people work with information systems† (2002, UMSL.edu) Many people do not even think of the reasons why the email system can cause them so much stress. Email brings a great deal of stress because it can cause information overload. Most people receive more email then they can read in a lifetime and spend countless hours just trying to sort through the useful email versus the non-useful email. When a person has this much information coming in on a daily basis, it can cause information overload, which in turn can cause a great deal of stress. It is often difficult to prioritize which emails are urgent and which are not. Therefore, one must spend the time sorting through countless emails in order to prioritize which emails must be addressed immediately and which ones can wait. Many emails contain either time sensitive or confidential information that needs to be copied or moved to a safer location. Email also not only brin... Free Essays on Workplace Stress Free Essays on Workplace Stress Workplace Stress With the rise in technological advances and the use of email comes the rise of workplace stress. With the rise in technology, the vast majority of organizations have turned to email as a way in which to keep up the pace. Email may bring the information to an individual quickly however; it also tends to bring the stress along with it. â€Å"Although heralded as one of the most valuable business tools, the research suggests that email may be the largest cause of stress in the workplace† (iafrica .com editor, 2002). Not only does the technological advance of email show a rise in stress it also brings up a vast amount of ethical issues. Many issues have been brought to light with the rise in the use of email as a means of communication. It is a faster way to supply information from one organization to another, as well as internally. â€Å"Due to the pervasive use of information technology and its dual potential to be used for good or bad, we need to consider the specific issues that arise when people work with information systems† (2002, UMSL.edu) Many people do not even think of the reasons why the email system can cause them so much stress. Email brings a great deal of stress because it can cause information overload. Most people receive more email then they can read in a lifetime and spend countless hours just trying to sort through the useful email versus the non-useful email. When a person has this much information coming in on a daily basis, it can cause information overload, which in turn can cause a great deal of stress. It is often difficult to prioritize which emails are urgent and which are not. Therefore, one must spend the time sorting through countless emails in order to prioritize which emails must be addressed immediately and which ones can wait. Many emails contain either time sensitive or confidential information that needs to be copied or moved to a safer location. Email also not only brin...

Spanish Verbs Oír and Escuchar

Spanish Verbs Oà ­r and Escuchar The differences between oà ­r and escuchar are essentially the same as the differences between to hear and to listen to. While there is some overlap in how the verbs are used, oà ­r generally refers to the simple act of hearing, and escuchar involves the listeners response to what is heard. Using Or Some typical uses of oà ­r as referring to the sensory act of hearing: No puedo oà ­r a nadie con mi nuevo telà ©fono. (I cant hear anybody with my brand-new telephone.)Cuando era pequeà ±a oà ­ la expresià ³n muchas veces. (When I was little I heard the expression often.) ¿Dà ³nde has estado encerrado si no has oà ­do estas canciones? (Where have you been penned up if you havent heard these songs?)Finalmente, oiremos el Concierto para piano no. 21 en do mayor. (Finally, we will hear the Concerto for Piano No. 21 in C Major.) It is common to use oà ­r when referring to activities such as listening to the radio or attending a concert, although escuchar can also be used: Yo oà ­a la radio antes de irme a la cama. (I was listening to the radio before going to bed.)Compramos boletos y fuimos a oà ­r un concierto de jazz. (We bought tickets and went to a jazz concert.) The imperative forms oye, oiga, oà ­d (rare in Latin America), and oigan are sometimes used to call attention to what youre saying. Translations vary with the context. Pues oye  ¿que quieres que te diga? (Well then, what do you want me to tell you?)Oiga, creo no es una buena idea. (Hey, I dont think its a good idea.) Using Escuchar Like listen, escuchar carries the idea of paying attention or of heeding advice. Note that escuchar is not typically followed by a preposition in the way that listen is nearly always followed by to. The exception is that when listening to a person the personal a is used. Escucharon el ruido de un avià ³n. (They heard the noise of an airplane.)Mis padres escuchaban mucho a Gipsy Kings. (My parents listened a lot to the Gipsy Kings.)Debes escuchar a tus clientes con ms atencià ³n. (You should listen more attentively to your customers.)Todos escuchamos el consejo que le da a Miguel. (We all listened to the advice that he gave to Miguel.)Te recomiendo que te escuches la entrevista completa. (I recommend that you listen to the complete interview.)Escuchà © a mi profesora de yoga y entendà ­ lo que me querà ­a decir. (I listened to my yoga professor and understood what she wanted to tell me.) The reflexive form, escuchar, is often used to indicate that something was or is heard. La voz del hombre se escuchaba ms fuerte y clara. (The voice of the man was heard loud and clear.)Ahora Spotify te dir quà © mà ºsica se escucha en otros paà ­ses. (Now Spotify will tell you what music is heard in other countries.) There are a few situations in which either oà ­r or escuchar can be used with little difference in meaning. Primarily, either can be used when hearing or listening to requests: Oyà ³/escuchà ³ las sà ºplicas de su amigo. (She heard/listened to the pleas of her friend.) Related Words Nouns related to oà ­r include el oà ­do, the sense of hearing, and la oà ­da, the act of hearing. Oà ­ble is an adjective meaning audible. In some regions, un escucho is a secret conveyed by a whisper, while escuchà ³n is an adjective referring to someone who is overly curious about what other people are saying. Conjugation The conjugation of oà ­r is highly irregular in spelling and pronunciation. Escuchar is conjugated regularly, following the pattern of hablar and other regular -ar verbs. Etymology Oà ­r comes from the Latin audire and is related to words such as oyez (a word used in courts to gain attention), audio and audience. It may be distantly related to hear, possibly coming from same Indo-European root. Escuchar comes from the Latin verb auscultare. It is related to the English verb to auscultate, a medical term for using a stethoscope to listen to the internal sounds of the body.

Information Systems for Managment Accounting Essay

Information Systems for Managment Accounting - Essay Example Budgeted sales in unit $2200 Add desired ending inventory $0 = total needs $2200 Less beginning inventory $0 Required Production $ 2200 The production budget is calculated on March 2009 Budgeted sales in unit $1400 Add desired ending inventory $0 = total needs $1400 Less beginning inventory $0 Required Production $ 1400 The production budget is calculated on April 2009 Budgeted sales in unit $2500 Add desired ending inventory $0 = total needs $2500 Less beginning inventory $ 0 Required Production $ 2500 Sales Budget for Hope Ltd. Material Purchase Budget for the Hope Limited Units material cost per unit material purchase budget 2008 May 1,100 40 44000 June 1,300 40 52000 July 1,500 40 60000 August 1,700 40 68000 September 1,900 40 76000 October 2,100 40 84000 November 2,300 40 92000 December 2,500 40 100000 2009 January 2,300 40 92000 February 2,200 40 88000 March 1,400 40 56000 April 2,500 40 100000 Total for year 22,800 40 912000 Direct Labor Budget for the Hope Ltd. Units 2008 labor hour per unit total labor hour Direct labor cost Direct Labor Budgets May 1,100 2 2200 8 17600 June 1,300 2 2600 8 20800 July 1,500 2 3000 8 24000 August 1,700 2 3400 8 27200 September 1,900 2 3800 8 30400 October 2,100 2 4200 8 33600 November 2,300 2 4600 8 36800 December 2,500 2 5000 8 40000 2 8 2009 2 8 January 2,300 2 4600 8 36800 February 2,200 2 4400 8 35200 March 1,400 2 2800 8 22400 April 2,500 2 5000 8 40000 Total for year 22,800 2 45600 8 364800 Production Overhead Total Fixed Production Overhead 91200 Total Fixed Admin. And Distribution Overhead 36000 Total Fixed Overhead 127200 Variable Overhead 5 per labour hour(5) (45600) 228000 Total... Description: the overall company efficiency was increased later due to the credit sale for two months that causes loss. Therefore, the company must decrease its credit sale. On the other hand its distribution and administrative cost is also huge which is also required to minimize. Over all company goes in profit with time but its efficiency can be increased by lowering its cost.

Cancer Pain in End of Life Cancer Patients Essay

Cancer Pain in End of Life Cancer Patients - Essay Example This will be considered a supplementary strategy to the existing official request process. I will also need support from my peers particularly in project review and data collection. I will also need to describe the significance of the project to my peers in order to win their support. Current Problem/ Deficit Pain treatment is a significant aspect in the end of life care. Different people develop different pain symptoms and hence the need for differentiated pain management strategies. Unfortunately, the current pain management strategies concentrate on pain symptoms rather than the source of pain. For example, a doctor will concentrate on symptoms of pain such as headache and backache, rather than the actual cause of the pain. The second issue relates to the definition and scope of pain. The mainstream pain management strategies underestimate the significance of other dimensions of pain such as social and spiritual pain. A comprehensive pain management strategy needs to incorporate t he other aspects of pain. The project proposes a standardized scale to assess pain, using four basic approaches to pain relief, which include: modify the source(s) of pain(s), alter the central perception of pain, modulate transmission of pain to the central nervous system and block transmission of pain to the central nervous system (Ferrel, Levy and Paice, 2008, p.577). Moreover the project proposes an interdisciplinary intervention integrating â€Å"physical, physiological, social and spiritual well-being of the patient so that the patient experiences comfort and dignity at the end of life. The process will involve counseling and use of pain relieving medication. Medication is primarily intended to relieve physiological pain without inflicting additional... The paper throws light on pain treatment as a significant aspect in the end of life care. Different people develop different pain symptoms and hence the need for differentiated pain management strategies. Unfortunately, the current pain management strategies concentrate on pain symptoms rather than the source of pain. For example, a doctor will concentrate on symptoms of pain such as headache and backache, rather than the actual cause of the pain. The second issue relates to the definition and scope of pain. The mainstream pain management strategies underestimate the significance of other dimensions of pain such as social and spiritual pain. A comprehensive pain management strategy needs to incorporate the other aspects of pain. The project proposes a standardized scale to assess pain, using four basic approaches to pain relief, which include: modify the source(s) of pain(s), alter the central perception of pain, modulate transmission of pain to the central nervous system and block t ransmission of pain to the central nervous system. Moreover the project proposes an interdisciplinary intervention integrating â€Å"physical, physiological, social and spiritual well-being of the patient so that the patient experiences comfort and dignity at the end of life. The process will involve counseling and use of pain relieving medication. Medication is primarily intended to relieve physiological pain without inflicting additional complications on the patient.

Things about me that might surprise people Essay

Things about me that might surprise people - Essay Example Going out with my friends is indeed a pleasure for me so that I try my best to join them in every activity they invite me in. I love shopping with my friends, going to the mall, checking the latest fashion there is in store for us. I also love to watch movies with them which we practically do almost every time we meet. This gives us much time to know each other more as we talk about our favorite movies, actors and other things we enjoy. Spending much time with my friends allowed me to discover that we have so much in common, our likes and dislikes as well as people we would like to meet. People usually see me as outgoing and indefatigable because of this so, I guess they would be surprised to know that I am the extreme opposite of what they see in me. I usually easily get tired so that I sleep a lot to get my energy back. Whenever I get the chance to take a little rest, even a ten minute nap would be much appreciated and often times welcomed. I believe that people are a treasure that I need to keep so I consider myself sentimental in many ways. I value time spent with friends, I keep their gifts in a rather special place which I call my treasure box. In a world where friends come and go, life is fast-paced and yesterday usually seems to be a thing to be forgotten once you are in a day called today, I guess people will be surprised to find a person like me, still exists. I am basically a simple person whose sentiments are more on things that are considered back numbered.

Regulatory Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Regulatory Issues - Essay Example A basic regulatory principle is that regulation should not be more restrictive than is necessary for public protection and regulation should not hamper the growth of the nursing profession. The focus of registered nurse regulation is public protection. This regulation assures the public that they are receiving safe and ethical care from competent, qualified registered nurses. It defines the practice and boundaries of the nursing profession, including the requirements and qualifications to practice. Boards fulfill their public protection mission by establishing, endorsing, and monitoring nursing education standards in programs leading to licensure and licensing qualified candidates who complete education programs and successfully pass a licensing examination that measures entry-level competency. Boards also monitor practice changes that impact scopes of practice and issue policy statements or support legislative passage of statutes or rules that support current practice needs and discipline or remove from practice those nurses who fail to meet standards. The public and agencies that educate, represent, or employ nurses are all considered customers of boards of nursing, and it is important that boards are responsive to their needs. Relationships that boards in turn rely on for reporting of violations to Nurse Practice Acts. Best practices related to discipline are vetted in guiding principles for nursing regulation: public protection, practitioner competence, ethical decision making, and due process based on our national standard that all who are accused have a right to a speedy hearing, shared accountability, strategic collaboration, evidence-based regulation, environment and marketplace responses in forming regulations, and ethical interactions within the global nursing arena. The public is best served when nurses are given the legislative mandate to regulate nursing in the

Design of Delay Unit Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Design of Delay Unit - Lab Report Example This means that the pin will deliver only 200mA Pin 6 – this is the threshold pin of the chip. This pin detects two thirds of the rail voltage for it to make a LOW state output only if pin two is in HIGH state. This pin contains a very high impedance and triggers at about 1uA. A 555 timer based oscillator is a circuit that generates highly and clear free running waveforms. The output frequency of these waveforms can be adjusted by connecting an RC circuit with one capacitor and two resistors. This circuits is a type of the general relaxation oscillator which generates square waveforms that are stable. These waveforms can have a fixed frequency of about 500 kHz or it can have duty cycles that are varying from fifty to a hundred percent. Unlike monostable circuits that stops after the pre-set time has elapsed, this oscillator circuit has a re-triggering mechanism achieved by interfacing the trigger input pin two and pin six which is the threshold voltage. This makes the device t o be an astable oscillator circuit. In the above oscillator circuit, pin two and pin six are connected together. This allows the circuit tio have a self-triggering mechanism in each operation cycle. This makes the circuit’s operation a free running oscillator. This circuit is also known as voltage-to-frequency converter. This is because its output frequency can be varied by varying the applied input voltage. These waveforms can have a fixed frequency of about 500 kHz or it can have duty cycles that are varying from fifty to a hundred percent.

Physics lab reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physics lab reports - Essay Example This property allows the convenient computation of the density of the rock samples given that the volume of the displaced water (for instance, 10 grams of displaced water has a volume of 10 cm3) will equal the volume of the submerged object. Following the weighing of the rocks in air as well as in water, the buoyancy, volume and density of the rocks were computed. The buoyancy, which is the same as the weight of the displaced water, was taken as the difference in the weight of the rocks in air and while submerged in water. This is also equal to the volume of the rocks in cm3. The density was calculated by dividing the weight of the rocks in air by the volume of the rocks. The results of the experiment showed that rocks # 3 and 115 have densities 3.02 g/cm3 and 2.27 g/cm3, which are higher than that of water. This suggests that the rocks will be completely submerged in water. Indeed, the rocks were completed submerged in water, thus validating our results. 2. The volume will remain the same. This is because ice being less dense than water, floats in water. That is the volume of ice is greater that of water of equal mass. Thus the volume decreases when ice melts. 2. The curved canopy umbrella accelerates air flow over the top causing the pressure to drop as stated by Bernoulli. You have a low pressure area on top and a high pressure area on the bottom, naturally the umbrella flips

Design of Delay Unit Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Design of Delay Unit - Lab Report Example This means that the pin will deliver only 200mA Pin 6 – this is the threshold pin of the chip. This pin detects two thirds of the rail voltage for it to make a LOW state output only if pin two is in HIGH state. This pin contains a very high impedance and triggers at about 1uA. A 555 timer based oscillator is a circuit that generates highly and clear free running waveforms. The output frequency of these waveforms can be adjusted by connecting an RC circuit with one capacitor and two resistors. This circuits is a type of the general relaxation oscillator which generates square waveforms that are stable. These waveforms can have a fixed frequency of about 500 kHz or it can have duty cycles that are varying from fifty to a hundred percent. Unlike monostable circuits that stops after the pre-set time has elapsed, this oscillator circuit has a re-triggering mechanism achieved by interfacing the trigger input pin two and pin six which is the threshold voltage. This makes the device t o be an astable oscillator circuit. In the above oscillator circuit, pin two and pin six are connected together. This allows the circuit tio have a self-triggering mechanism in each operation cycle. This makes the circuit’s operation a free running oscillator. This circuit is also known as voltage-to-frequency converter. This is because its output frequency can be varied by varying the applied input voltage. These waveforms can have a fixed frequency of about 500 kHz or it can have duty cycles that are varying from fifty to a hundred percent.

The Impact of African Slave Trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Impact of African Slave Trading - Essay Example Thornton cites the example of the Ndongo war, which lasted from 1625 until 1655 in countering the traditionally held ideal that wars were strictly economical (Thornton 101). This war was fought over succession to the throne of Ndongo (Thornton 100) and can account for many of the Angolan slaves captured during this time (Thronton 101). â€Å"Such wars, however, may well have been waged solely in order to acquire slaves even without the demands of Atlantic traders† (Thornton 102). Thornton believes war and slavery were an accepted way of life in Africa, and as such would have continued without the European influence. However this is one simple example that does not explain the reasoning behind the multitude of other wars in Africa. He mentions that motives might appear to be economical when indeed they are political, but it seems impossible to believe that the knowledge of demand for slaves would not have affected the leader’s decisions in initiating war with economic ga in in mind. While Thornton does acknowledge that there was a boost in the slavery market due to the European influence, he does not seem to acknowledge the depth of change the demand of the European traders must have had. It seems that with such a large demand for slaves, it would profoundly influence the economics of the African tribes. It would be exhaustive to attempt to catalog the actual number of slaves taken from Africa over such a long time period but we are able to look at isolated instances that illuminate the effects of the slave trade.

SAT Testing Essay Example for Free

SAT Testing Essay SAT, as a basis for college admission, is still relevant. However, the value of SAT should be limited in its use in evaluating students who took the test individually. Ranking based on SAT results are not a reliable measure of the quality of schools. They only determine the quality of the students who took the test. (â€Å"Are SAT Scores†) The results may be swayed by controlling the number of students allowed to take the test and ensuring that these students have good academic standing. In fact, research shows that most of the schools in the top ten send very few students mostly coming from the top 10% of their class, while schools ranking at the bottom 10 send more than half of their students with diverse academic standing. Moreover, most of the students in top ten schools come from more economically well-to-do families than those from the bottom 10 schools. (See â€Å"Are SAT Scores†) Moreover, this policy of ranking schools may be oppressive to students from lower economic brackets. Most students who are bright and talented, but came from poorer families will not afford to go to schools that normally rank high in SAT’s. Giving school ranking very high regard will put these people in a more disadvantage position with respect to their opportunity to get good quality college education. Even if it be assumed that SAT results are reliable, there will be several students from those schools that deserve to have college education, but will negatively affected by the SAT ranking of his or her school. School admission should be based on individual student merit, not on the reputation of the school from which the students attended. Examination results to the individuals who took them. Examination should be given only to those who are interested in pursuing college education. While ranking may still be made, a high rank will give a school nothing more than bragging rights. It should not be conclusive as regards the admission of students. It is the students that will be admitted to college, not the schools from where they get their high school diploma. Therefore, it is the students’ individual performances that should be given more importance and not the reputation and ranking of their high schools. Reference Are SAT scores worse than meaningless? Testing state ranking Brief Article Statistical Data Included. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education). Dec 2001. FindArticles.com. Retrieved July 19, 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2679_130/ai_81110769

The Bio Psychosocial Model In Healthcare

The Bio Psychosocial Model In Healthcare The theory of bio-psychosocial model was introduced in 1977 by Mr. George Engel, a professor of psychiatry and medicine. It is a comprehensive model explicating a strong relationship between health and disease by integrating cultural, social, and psychological considerations (Engel 1977, p. 132). There has been a consistent effort since 1980s to examine the interconnectedness between social, psychological, behavioural factors and the functioning of immune system to explore their contribution in causing human illness (Karren, Hafen, Smith, Frandsen, 2002; Kiecolt-Glasser, McGuire, Robles, Glasser, 2002) followed by a bio-psychosocial model. The bio-psychosocial interventions are conceptualized to target the combination of biological, psychological and sociological factors that contribute in deteriorating human body functions thus producing illness. These interventions are the collaborative efforts with service users by integrating a number of evidence based practices by encompassing the medical, social and psychological paradigm with intent to accomplish swift recovery (Brooker Brabban 2004). The main objective of these interventions is to analyze and identify the underlying causes of the disease by evaluating the causes of biological dysfunction, psychological problems affecting mental and emotional health and assessing the sociological issues including marital status, financial positioning, culture or religion that may serve as the root cause of sickness. The core elements of bio-psychological interventions are the management of medication, symptoms and relapses, the cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for psychosis, collaborative assessments and structured family interventions. The effectiveness and responsiveness of mental health services rely upon the easy access of psychological interventions to the people diagnosed with severe and enduring mental health issues (Layard 2004). The Department of Health has been consistently emphasizing on the need for Ear ly Interventions in Psychosis Services (EIPS) and bio-psychosocial interventions specifically focussing on CBT, to be implemented across diverse clinical settings particularly in acute inpatient units (DoH 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006). The accessibility of such interventions facilitates in optimizing treatment concordance, reducing relapse rate and mental health problems and improves the overall clinical outcome which encourages resurgence of patients wellbeing (Gray et al. 2001). However, it is significant to note that psychosocial interventions can only be effective when implemented with the help and support of adequately trained healthcare workforce. 1.1 Rationale of the Study In accordance with the fundamentals of bio-psychosocial models, it can be constituted that the core forerunner of an ailment belongs to the three vital elements including physical, psychological, and socio-cultural components. Stevens Smith, (2005), in their study examined the bio-psychosocial model and constituted that it helps in comprehending with the interactive and reciprocal effects of environment, genetics, and mental behaviour (Stevens Smith, 2005, p. 25). To support the validity of the bio-psychosocial model, several pragmatic evidences have been put forward advocating the relationship of social, psychological and immunological factors that produce negative impacts on human health conditions (Trilling, 2000). Over the last decade, the need for education and training of healthcare workers in order to develop their PSI skills has been amplified however, the literature suggests that the implementation of PSI in routine service provision is extremely challenging (Kelly Gamble 2005). This paper is designed to examine the role of psychiatric in an acute in-patient ward. Moreover, the study in intended to highlight the policy and research related to bio-psychosocial interventions that help in managing crisis and complexities of an acute ward. The study will also facilitate in identifying the barriers of implementing psychosocial interventions and thereby, propose effectual strategies to prevail over these difficulties. 2. NATIONAL POLICIES FOR MENTAL HEALTH Mental illness along with cancer care and coronary heart disease were identified as the three national priorities in the year 2000 followed by which the UK government increased the funds for NHS up to 9% of GDP (Kings Fund, 2005). The budgetary limits for adult mental health services were also extended from  £983m to  £3,770m in 2001-2002 and up to  £4,679m in 2005-2006 (Mental Health Strategies, 2006) and it was also constituted that maximum financial resources will be utilized to support the inpatient services (Mental Health Strategies, 2006). The evidences suggest that the acute inpatient units have been facing a tremendous amount of dissatisfaction (MIND, 2004) and therefore, numerous healthcare bodies including Department of Health (DoH), the National Institute for Mental Health England (NIMHE) and Care Services Improvement Partnership (CSIP) collaborated to institute acute inpatient programme (DoH, 2002). The collaborative efforts by these healthcare bodies resulted in th e development of standard policies and guidelines for the betterment of acute inpatient services (Healthcare Commission 2007). Concerned with the conditions of mental health treatment, the national guidelines on acute psychiatric care were published in 2002 as the acute inpatient services were considered to be unsatisfactory (Department of Health, 2002a: 3). The main objective to institute standard policies and guidelines in accordance with Mental Health Act Commission is to ensure that all the inpatient mental health services are consistent in providing their patients with adequate sense of privacy, security and absolute care (MHAC, 2005: 19). ACUTE IN-PATIENT WARDS In accordance with the description proposed by the Department of Health (2002), the main purpose of introducing acute wards is to offer high standards of humane treatment and care facilities readily available to the patients within a safe and therapeutic setting during the most acute and vulnerable stage of their illness (DoH, 2002a: 5). The acute inpatient services have been developed to ensure that the spread of diseases is lessened and maximum treatment and support is made available for the patients that are unable to be treated in an alternative, less restrictive setting (********). The acute in-patients wards are meant to facilitate both health care providers and service users however, a number of studies have illuminated on the difficulties of managing the acute in-patient wards. A series of issues has been outlined by various studies including leadership crisis, deficient clinical skills and poor risk management process (SNMAC, 1999). The robustness of interaction between nurs e and patient and lack of therapeutic activities has also been questioned (Ford, Duncan and Warner, 1998); and a number of studies indicated a frequent state of confusion and chaos that builds up in the in-patient acute wards (SCMH, 1998). The effectiveness of CBT for psychosis is also challenged where there is a lot of complaint about non-therapeutic environment and non-cooperating overworked staff (MIND, 2004). Several studies also point out the dissatisfaction of patients due to surplus admissions in wards causing uneasiness and certain overly restrictive rules ended up in lack of privacy. The issues of in-patient acute wards also involved grievances of patients having less or no formation about treatment and which is considered to be unresponsiveness towards their civil rights (Walton, 2000). The study is therefore, focussed to critically examine the underlying issues and dig in the factors that aggravate them in order to suggest effective management strategies to improve the re ceptiveness of the nurses and open ways for easy accessibility to highly developed in-patient wards. ROLE OF NURSE IN ACUTE IN-PATIENT WARDS A critical care nurse working in acute in-patient ward has comprehensive mix of knowledge, skills and competencies required to fulfil the needs of a critically ill patient without having a direct supervision of a ward manager. The blend of knowledge, skills and competencies are not characterised by the therapeutic setting including intensive care unit or a high dependency ward instead, these blend of knowledge, skills and competencies must compliment the needs of psychotic patients. Psychotic patients need extensive care in order to reduce the chances of ill-fated crisis and complications. The level of therapeutic care can be enhanced by the careful interventions of experienced critical care nurses having advanced observational skills and holistic approach to deal with both the psychotic patients and their families. Following are some basic interventions employed by the critical care nurses in an acute in-patient ward to maximize operational efficiencies. 4.1 Ensure Positive Alignment Acute in-patient wards are critical in nature and therefore, a tactful and positive alignment of nurse-managers and nurse-patients is essential to maintain a functional ward. The role of nurse in an acute patient ward is to effectively respond to patients requests and offer maximum level of help and information. Patients are entirely dependent on nurses as they are the key point of contact in a ward and therefore, it becomes imperative for the nurses to establish a respect element for their clinical ability. Working closely with managers and regular staff meetings are all part of positive alignment that ensures smooth work process of an in-patient acute ward. 4.2 Supporting the Ward Manager A high-quality therapeutic skill of the nurse is to understand the organizational hierarchies and respect the decisions of the ward manager. Ward leader is involved in the positioning and staffing and the most crucial element of ward managers job description is to take prompt decisions. Acute wards are critical in nature so chaos and confusion adversely affects the mental health of patient and therefore, nurses are required to perform their duties by supporting the decisions and following the rules as set by the ward manager. 4.3 Safety and Containment Nurses in the acute in-patient wards are required to safe management system and prompt resolution of acute distress. The motherly relationship between nurse and patient supports the concept of containment by the benefitting the mental health of the patient. Physical restraint is the core element of containment which helps in the therapeutic progression. The role of a nurse in psychiatric wards is fundamental in preserving the safety and containment as the skilful and qualified nurses are specifically trained to reduce anxieties and fears of the patients and supporting them to resume a balance between idealism and realism. 4.4 Effective Communication Nursing in general supports a holistic approach towards the service users and the role of nurses become even more significant in an acute in-patient wards where the patients are extremely vulnerable. Nurses are the immediate point of contact to provide significant information about the patients mental health to the interdisciplinary team and the family members of the patients. Moreover, it has been observed that a nurse-patient relationship maintain effective communication, achieves better results in terms of fast recovery. 4.5 Observation Improving Patient Outcomes Acute in-patient wards require careful observations to reduce sedation and weaning from ventilation and to offer physical rehabilitation, and psychological support in a timely manner. Role of nurses in acute wards are required to be adequately skilful to monitor the dependence of patients on support equipment and to make proactive predictions and prevention of agitation by significant interventions in case of sudden deterioration. Recovery of a psychotic patient can be enhanced by using patient-centred care and vigilant management practices to cope with reckless events (Ball and McElligot, 2002). CBT FOR PSYCHOSIS Cognitive behavioural therapy is designed to evaluate the symptoms of psychosis and at the same time examine the relative impacts of illness on the patients mental health. A psychotic patient experiences a number of difficulties in terms of isolation, societal rejection, feelings of aggression as a result of which there is an increased risk self-harm and substance misuse. The main purpose of adopting CBT for psychotic patient is to gain symptomatic and functional recovery of the patient however, in case of persistent symptoms due to disrupted developmental trajectory; it is advised to continue with the therapy. CBT develops enhanced understanding of psychotic disorders and promotes adaptation to disorder by initiating coping strategies in order to reduce the degree of secondary morbidity and prevent relapse (Trilling 2000). CBT aims to improve the emotional and mental wellbeing of patients by reducing distress and offering helpful strategies to manage the residual symptoms of psychos is in daily life. The treatment therapy for psychosis involves a number of key phases and management strategies to progress speedy recovery. 5.1 Assessment Formulation The psychosocial intervention that involves CBT for psychosis primarily requires a therapeutic alliance between the healthcare provider and the service users. The initial phase of CBT involves engagement of therapist and patient in the assessment of the illness so that the patients mental health can be analyzed and their psychotic experiences can be recorded. The assessment phase of CBT helps in identifying the problem areas, factors sustaining the problem areas and the underlying causes of the psychotic disorder. Therapists strive to understand the nature, complexity and extent of the disorder by probing in the biological, psychological and social background of illness. During the assessment phase a therapist attempts to summarize the aetiology, development and maintenance of psychotic disorder and thereby, outlines the length and frequency of necessary interventions. Engagement of both therapist and the patient facilitates in the formulation phase where a specified course of action is established to undertake the therapy. 5.2 Psycho-education The early phase of psychotic disorder is identified by the onset of certain symptoms after which a the healthcare providers diagnose the ailment by taking into account numerous theories of psychosis and a number of individual explanatory models that helps in understanding of the precise form of psychosis. The patients are required to be informed about the impacts of substance misuse, compulsory medications and the inception of warning signs in order to keep them in the loop of the overall recovery process accompanied by CBT. The psycho-education also involves details about the helpful agencies and the nature of recovery which is usually conducted as part of a group programme. Educating the patients about facts and essential information is always useful however, it is imperative that the psychosis education programs are designed in a way that the patients comprehend the concept of these programs intended to restore their mental health. Depending upon an individuals coping style and wi llingness to absorb the information, the reaction to such educating programs might differ. 5.3 Adaptation to Psychosis The theory of adaptation to psychosis entirely depends upon the patients understanding of the disorder and how he/she addresses the recovery process by reacting to the underlying situation. The process of adaptation involves acknowledging the impact of psychotic disorder on patients life by estimating the damages caused to the patients self-esteem and his/her realisation of personal potential to combat with disorder. CBT helps the psychotic patients to identify their personal strengths and limitations to fight with ailment by expanding their coping skills and formulate realistic plans to facilitate the patient. The main objective of the CBT for psychosis is to enable the patients to learn the concept of overcoming the negative aspects of life and focusing on positive things including healthy activities, friendly relationships and personal accomplishments in order to enhance their self-esteem. The psychotic patients are extremely vulnerable and cannot stand social fears which eventual ly deteriorate their mental health. CBT enables them in adapting to their psychotic conditions by making them realise their strengths and capabilities to prevail over internal fears and hence contribute significantly in the recovery process. 5.4 Treatment of Secondary Morbidity Failure in adaptation to psychosis results in secondary morbidity state in which the patient is unable to cope with internal and external fears and thereby, experiences extreme level of depression, anxiety and substance misuse. It is important that CBT for psychosis is continued and the nature of the secondary condition has to be explained to the patient. Failure in adapting to psychosis leads the psychotic patients to develop irrational beliefs and assumptions which make it even more difficult and challenging for the therapists. However, an approach of cognitive challenging supplemented by group-based interventions for anxiety management or substance misuse is followed by examining the underlying beliefs and assumptions and replacing them with rational beliefs and assumptions. 5.5 Coping Strategies A number of behavioural and cognitive strategies have been formulated to help patients work towards improved functional outcome despite of psychotic symptoms. The functional and emotional problems that arise with the positive and negative symptoms of the psychotic disorder are controlled by coping strategies included in CBT for psychosis. It is however, necessary to identify the target symptoms to manage the recovery process. The most commonly used strategies in CBT include coping strategy enhancement, distraction and focusing techniques for voices after the identification of positive symptoms (Trilling 2000). Self-monitoring of behavioural activities, scheduling of paced activities, assertiveness training and diary recording of mastery and pleasure are some of the interventions used to cope with the negative symptoms. 5.6 Relapse Prevention The relapse prevention phase is amongst the integral phase of CBT in which the therapists are required to prudently monitor and intervene where there are early warning signs for relapse. It has been constituted that after the commencement of treatment approximately 80-95% of the psychotic patients experience the relapse prevention (*******). CBT incorporates several interventions to address the issue of relapse prevention including cognitive restructuring of enduring self-schema in which there is an elevated risk of relapse. BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENT PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS The clinical effectiveness of psychosocial interventions has been emphasized in a number of evidence based studies as the significance of these interventions has exceedingly grown over the last 20 years. The growing awareness and enhanced need and inclination towards the espousal of psychosocial interventions suggest that these interventions should be routinely implemented (NICE 2002). However, there has been a considerable amount of literature indicating the potential difficulties and challenges associated with the integration of psychosocial interventions within the routine mental health service provision (Brooker Brabban 2003, Forrest Masters 2004). The challenges are multifactorial and are primarily concerned with the workforce development and education (Brooker et al. 2002, Brooker Brabban 2004, Forrest et al. 2004); clinical and managerial leadership (Cook 2001, McCann Bowers 2005); and the impact of limited resources on service development in the context of increasing dema nds (McCann Bowers 2005). 6.1 Education Training Mental health services are currently challenged by policy, service user and professional drives. In order to establish the early intervention in psychosis services a range of initiatives are required. The foremost requirement to entrench the bio-psychosocial interventions into all levels of service delivery is to maximise the number of trained practitioners (Brabban Kelly 2006). More importantly the integration of the principles of the recovery approach and evidence-based practice has to be included in the education and training of the healthcare workforce (Repper Perkins 2003, Kelly Gamble 2005, NIMHE 2005, DoH 2006). However, it is unfortunate that despite of consistently mounting awareness and need for the psychosocial interventions within the clinical settings and mental health service provisions, the fraction of PSI trained workforce is still inadequate (Layard 2004). The situation becomes more intricate when a segment of trained healthcare workforce is not practicing their P SI skills due to other contributing factors including excessive workload and lack of time, limiting the scope of implementing psychosocial interventions (Brooker Brabban 2004). 6.2 Managerial Leadership Crisis Management and the senior staff have a better understanding of the complex nature and clinical significance of PSI training and its implementation and therefore, the role of managers become crucial in determining the success and failure of implementing psychosocial interventions in acute wards. It has been observed that regular communication between managers and trainees and careful check and balance maintained by the programme leaders enables successful PSI implementation (McCann Bowers 2005). However, the managers and programme leaders find it difficult to sustain the precision of PSI implementation due to workload pressures across the service (Cook 2001). 6.3 Limited Resources The most frequent complaints and issues regarding the failure of implementing psychosocial interventions in the acute wards have been identified by the literature and the most common issues are the unprecedented gap between theory and practice. Limited resources on service development in context of increased demand also tend to hinder in successful PSI implementation (Repper Brooker 2002). In order to fill in the gaps between theory and practice of PSI implementation the aims and objectives of the interventions has to be illuminated so that the practicability of the interventions can be sustained. It is therefore, essential to improve ward-based information and clarify the ward rules for users (Flood et al, 2006). On the other hand, sufficient resources including caseload size, access to assessment and intervention materials are required to undertake the interventions (McCann Bowers 2005). 6.4 Staffing Issues Excessive workload and staffing issues are the key problems of an acute in-patient wards where there is extreme need of practising psychosocial interventions. It has been observed that even after the completion of training and courses the trainees are compelled to resume the same job description. It is extremely unfortunate that the work overload doesnt allow the trainees to utilize their skills and knowledge at an advanced level (Williams 2008). Managers of the in-patient wards also complain about the workload pressure as being the critical factor for not adjusting the job descriptions of the trainees after the completion of their relevant course. On the other hand, trainees also complain about the excess workload and lack of time to focus on and practice their PSI skills. 6.5 Excessive Workload The most problematic barriers in the implementation of PSI are the emergency excessive and unpredictable admissions of the critical psychotic cases which require immediate attention. The presence of critical care nurse is therefore, extremely significant at any point of time which is one of the major staffing issue. Critical care nurses are already under immense workload pressures and conversely, the reduction in the number of beds has added to the situation (Williams 2008). The rise in demand due to high case loads has made it extremely difficult to effectively employ the structured PSI interventions into routine work. REQUIREMENTS OFACUTE IN-PATIENT WARDS The threshold of admission in acute inpatient wards has considerably increased and the role of critical care nurses has also become more complex. Systematic assessments by highly skilled critical care nurses by involving service users and their carer allows formulating a plan for significant interventions which are targeted to reduce the burden of in-patient wards provided if the necessary care and interventions can be continued at home (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006b).The complexity of the contemporary acute in-patient ward is enhanced by the reduction in the number of beds however, it is considered to be a small component of the multifaceted care system (Clarke, 2004). The most critical aspect of the decision making process is the comparison of psychotic patients awaiting the admission therefore, critical care nurses are required to carry out vigilant assessments by making careful considerations about the individuals circumstances (Meehan et al, 2006). Patients expect the nu rses to function in a collaborative way and treat them with respect (Baguley et al, 2007) however, a number of studies indicates dissatisfied service users complaining about the services being intimidating, demeaning and often humiliating (NIMHE, 2007). To address the underlying issues and in order to maintain the accreditation standards for the acute in-patient wards a full multidisciplinary ward round, at least once a week has been recommended (Royal College of Psychiatrists 2006b). Moreover, the government has also introduced crisis management and home intervention teams in order to lessen the burden of admissions in acute in-patient wards with intent to focus on recovery by involving community efforts. A combination of psychological and social interventions by reintegrating the service users into the community can be achieved by adopting a holistic approach. STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE BARRIERS A number of strategic measures have been identified by the study which is likely to enhance the benefits of implementing psycho social-interventions in the acute in-patient wards. The main objective of the proposed recommended strategies is to address extensive issues encompassing diverse areas and segments related to the acute in-patient wards, to accomplish utmost advantages for both the practitioners and service users. 8.1 Enhanced Flexibility The level of emergency admissions and dependency of patients in the critical care unit cannot be predicted and may considerably vary in between allocated shifts. The complex structure and nature of the acute in-patient units require flexibility in the number of critical care nurses per shift in order to effectively respond to changes in demand (******). Moreover, the critical care nurses are required to consistently examine the trends in elective patient admissions so that the capacity planning and nurse staffing may comply with the change in demand. 8.2 Employment of Healthcare Assistants Critical care nurses are highly skilled and trained to understand the needs of an acute in-patient ward. Therefore, while determining staffing levels, the recruitment of health care assistants must not interfere with the skill mix of critical care nurses. Considering the excessive workload pressure on the critical care nurses, it is beneficial to employ the health care assistants to facilitate in providing quality care services. However, to create a balance between critical care and general care services, it is advisable to specify the registered nursing hours so that the quality of critical care may not be compromised (Needleman et al, 2002). 8.3 Definite Policies Procedures Clearly defined policies and protocols helps in maintaining a healthy work environment and organizational structure. It is imperative to clarify the roles and responsibilities with respect to the specified job title in order to ensure that smooth workflow has been maintained across the entire ward. Moreover, definite policies and protocols also facilitate in successful implementation of PSI and practising of CBT by the trained staff. Depending upon the past experiences as a critical care nurse and knowledge of working in the critical care facility it has been recommended that for at least 30 days nurses should maintain supernumerary position in the intensive care wards (DHSSPS, 2000). To address the staffing needs, managerial support complying with policies and procedures, is required so that the chaos and confusion shall be avoided. 8.4 Professional Development Critical care services can be improved by consistent training and staff development programmes specifically designed to focus on the psychosocial interventions practice. It is highly recommended to incorporate evidence-based interventions in the curriculum of PSI-trained staff and their skills and knowledge must be employed in their respective job descriptions (Brabban and Kelly 2006). Moreover, the professional and developmental needs of the nurses working acute in-patient ward must be considered during staff appraisals to promote professional excellence of the critical care staff. 8.5 Reduce Workload Pressure Support of healthcare assistants shall be obtained to encourage superior care services by disseminating the excessive workload pressure. It has been observed that during PSI training, the staffing is greatly affected and therefore, it is advisable to utilize the replacement funds to relieve workload pressures in the critical care units. Moreover, rational strategies and centralized measures might be helpful in addressing the substitution arrangements in an effective manner. 8.6 Training and Education Development of leadership skills for critical care nurse is highly recommended for improving the PSI implementation, advanced patient care. It is also advisable to provide the critical staff with mandatory training including essential fire training, manual handling and basic life support in addition to the training for psychosocial interventions (Brabban and Kelly 2006). Moreover, a tripartite structure for communication in between ward managers, program leaders and the trainees would help in successful implementation of the psychosocial interventions. 8.7 Dissemination of Knowledge The significance of the psychosocial interventions has to be widely encouraged and therefore, the content and levels of PSI programme shall be kept diversified which may involve modular provision and training specific to certain interventions e.g. family work, medication management or clinical areas including acute inpatient, forensic etc. (*****) To establish the efficacy and implementation of the PSI, it is imperative to disseminate the basics and core PSI knowledge and values to the healthcare staff across the clinical environment. Furthermore, the local training needs for PSI shall be regularly reviewed by the stakeholders to ensure that adequately trained and skilful staff is maintained at all times to provide extensive care in critical wards. 8.8 Evaluating the Impacts of PSI Psychosocial interventions integrate collaborative participation of service users and carers at every stage including planning of services, training programs, formulation and implementation of strategies and diffusion of the recovery approach therefore, the impacts of these interventions can be evaluated by collating feedback from both critical care nurses and service users. 8.9 Regular Audits To estimate the effectiveness of the evidence

Fate in Henry James The Beast In The Jungle Essay -- Henry James, The

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry James always managed to keep certain themes in his works similar. The one that usually stands out most is his literary battles between American and European customs. This is especially apparent in three of his works, Daisy Miller: A Study, Roderick Hudson, and The Portrait Of A Lady. However, in his short story, The Beast In The Jungle, there is another theme that takes center stage. That theme is fate; moreover, the failure to control that fate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Beast In The Jungle, we are introduced to John Marcher, one of the main characters. Immediately afterwards, we meet May Bartram, someone he had met almost ten years prior in Naples, Italy, although he had accidentally thought it to be Rome. The two are getting along splendidly, in a flirtatious way, leaving the reader to wonder about the future of this would-be couple. However, it is then that we find out what eventually kills the hopes of any kind of romantic connection, as May recalls John's special holdup: You said you had had from your earliest time, as the deepest thing within you, the sense of being kept for something rare and strange, possibly prodigious and terrible, that was sooner or later to happen to you, that you had in your bones the foreboding and the conviction of, and that would perhaps overwhelm you (TBITJ, 338).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marcher believes that he is fated to experience something but he is not sure what it is that he is waiting for. May probes deeper, possibly revealing something about herself and her desire for a connection, asking, "Isn't what you describe perhaps but the expectation--or at any rate the sense of danger, familiar to so many people--of falling in love?" (TBITJ, 339). He talks about a love that he had but that it was not this monumental thing that she talks of. She replies, saying, "Then it hasn't been love" (TBITJ, 338).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This whole conversation has been one flirtatious period of time. However, it quickly turns back to the topic of his fate, cutting short any additional talk of love, possibly leading somewhere. This was a missed opportunity for the both of them because of his obsession with the mysterious destiny. The discussion ends with her promising to "watch with [him]" (TBITJ, 340). And yet, the reason that she will see him again is not to pursue any sort of normal relationship. It is simply the desire to be there when whatever happens to him oc... ...life has become and what is should have been. He realizes that the beast was actually the person that he met for the second time back in the house in Weatherend at the beginning of the story. Henry James' works have been known to have a certain autobiographical aspects to them. Looking at his life, one can see that he did not marry either and, just like in Daisy Miller: A Study and most of his other works, the main character's story does not end happily. Throughout the entire time of the story, and more-so his life, John Marcher felt that there was something that he should be waiting for to happen. Something that was spectacular or, instead, brought suffering, he did not have any measure of a clue. Yet he continued to wait for that beast to jump out from the jungle and spark an incident. But what he never understood until the end of the story was that, perhaps, the only beast to be springing forth from the jungle of his life was the pretty swan. Perhaps, the old saying is truly correct, Carpe Diem. Work Cited James, Henry. "The Beast in the Jungle." The Norton Anthology: American Literature. Seventh Edition. Vol. C. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2007. 335-376.

Was William Wilberforce the Most Important Reason for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1807 and Slavery in 1823

William Wilberforce is the name that most people in Britain immediately associate with the fight against slavery. Although he favoured a more cautious and gradual eradication of slavery, he was a key representative of the anti-slave trade forces. Gracious, witty, and devoutly religious. Wilberforce has become a convenient national hero, with 20,000 people attending a ceremony to mark the 100th anniversary of his death. His house has been turned into a museum and his larger-than-life statue has a prominent place in Westminster Abbey. This demonstrates that he had a big influence on the people around him at the time. Wilberforce certainly deserves some credit for the banning of the British slave trade in 1807 and the act that emancipated Britain's slaves that was finally passed in 1833. His charm, personal kindness, reputation for integrity and deep conservatism on most issues gave him influence with his fellow MPs that few others in parliament had. But was the abolition of the slave trade and slavery primarily the work of this likeable, saintly man and his circle of similarly religious friends? Today, most historians see the long struggle to end the slave trade as much more complex and unruly than simply being the work of Wilberforce alone. Many people played an important part of the abolition of slavery the white middle class campaigners. Granville Sharp was a great campaigner against slavery. He took in a badly beaten slave and nursed him until he was fit and well but then his old master saw him and captured him wear he was to be shipped away to Jamaica as a slave. Granville Sharp took the slaves master to court and the judge the Lord Mayor of London said that he had not stolen anything so shouldn’t be made to go away. Sharp fought for many black people in court and saved many of them. Sharp didn’t manage to get slavery abolished but he started the campaign against slavery. His court cases raised a lot of awareness in the public eyes and this could have made some people see how bad slavery really was so they could start to campaign against slavery with Granville Sharp. It was not only the white middle class campaigners who tried to abolish slavery the working class campaigned. In 1788 many petitions were sent to parliament demanding that the slave trade should be stopped. The petitions were sent from working class people from all over Britain. In the year 1788 10,000 working class people signed a petition; in 1792 support doubled to 20,000 people (there are 75,000 people in Manchester. The working class people thought that slavery was wrong as it was a trade of human blood and that when Negroes were put in slavery it took away there dignity and pride, also they thought it was cruel to take them from there home (many slave campaigners rich or poor felt the same way). Big meetings were held wear slave campaigners could exchange ideas on how to get slavery abolished. In 1807 when the slave trade was finally abolished the petitions did not stop there aim was to make slavery illegal and also they wanted the existing slaves still in slavery to be freed. I think the working class people did not raise as much awareness in the public than the middle-class they concentrated mostly on Parliament and the MP’s. Black people also rebelled against the slave trade. They wanted to be treated like normal servants and to earn a wage for there work. Many black people refused to be slaves and ran away. When slave owners went to court to get them back the legal position of slavery in Britain wasn’t clear. People knew that slaves could be kept in the West Indies and other parts of the British Empire, but if a slave was brought back to Britain (there was no law to say slavery was illegal or legal). When slaves tried to claim there freedom the judges made different decisions every time. Granville Sharp held many of these cases on behalf of the slaves and soon most slaves were being set free. Owners soon knew it wasn’t worth the bother of trying to get there slaves against there slaves back. Plantation owners in the island of St Dominque did not like the idea of slaves having equal rights and liberty so they planned an alliance with Britain. The slaves knew this would mean the slave trade would continue. The conditions in the St Dominque were worse than in the West Indies, the death rate was very high from the treatment and there living conditions. So in 1791 the slaves rebelled murdering there white owners and setting fire to the sugar crop. British troops tried to take over but the slaves soon overturned the British as well. Slavery was abolished in 1804 and the island soon declared that it was an independent state with a new name of Haiti. In the West Indian plantation owners lived in dread of the ideas from the slaves in Haiti spreading to there slaves. People in Britain who did not ant slavery to be banned used this example of what would happen if slaves in Britain were given equal rights. The slave trade eventually became too uneconomical to continue, this is because when the slaves were travelling on boat, the conditions were too horrific. As a result more of the slaves died than actually made it to the other side. This one the major factors of why the slave trade ended. Willi am Wilberforce helped was a key campaigner for the abolition of the slave trade, but he is amongst many other campaigners. They all did the same thing, so I believe that he was important but many others deserve the same credit that he got.

What Is Sip Trunk

What a SIP trunk is? A SIP trunk is an IP connection that establishes a SIP communications link between your organization and an Internet telephony service provider (ITSP) beyond your firewall. Typically, a SIP trunk is used to connect your organization’s central site to an ITSP. In some cases, you may also opt to use SIP trunking to connect your branch site to an ITSP. Unlike in traditional telephony, where bundles of physical wires were once delivered from the service provider to a business, a SIP trunk allows a company to replace these traditional fixed PSTN lines with PSTN connectivity via a SIP trunking service provider on the Internet.SIP trunks can offer significant cost-savings for enterprises, eliminating the need for local PSTN gateways, costly ISDN BRIs (Basic Rate Interfaces) or PRIs (Primary Rate Interfaces). Why you would use a SIP trunk? Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is used to initiate and manage Voice over IP (VoIP) communications sessions for basic teleph one service and for additional real-time communication services, such as instant messaging, conferencing, presence detection, and multimedia. This section provides planning information for implementing SIP trunks, a type of SIP connection that extends beyond the boundary of your local network.Deploying SIP trunking can be a big step toward simplifying your organization’s telecommunications and preparing for up-to-date enhancements to real-time communications. One of the primary advantages of SIP trunking is that you can consolidate your organization’s connections to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) at a central site, as opposed to its predecessor, time division multiplexing (TDM) trunking, which typically requires a separate trunk from each branch site. RFCs that discuss SIP trunking Best Practices for SIP Trunks:Since SIP trunks are meant for interconnection between servers, they SHOULD run over TCP. Authentication SHOULD be done using mutual TLS authentic ation, with both sides of the trunk providing a TLS Certificate. TODO: might be interesting to recommend some practices for usage of phone numbers, but this might be out of scope here. Security Considerations: Servers providing SIP trunks will need to authenticate and authorize access to those trunk services. This specification recommends usage of the practices defined and required in RFC 3261 – mutual TLS uthentication – for this purpose. In some cases, the requests sent on SIP trunks can require confidentiality and message integrity. In such cases, usage of mutual authenticated TLS is RECOMMENDED. [RFC3261] Rosenberg, J. , Schulzrinne, H. , Camarillo, G. , Johnston, A. , Peterson, J. , Sparks, R. , Handley, M. , and E Schooler, â€Å"SIP: Session Initiation Protocol†, RFC 3261, June 2002. [RFC3263] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, â€Å"Session Initiation Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers†, RFC 3263, June 2002.Informative References: [RFC4458] Jenni ngs, C. , Audet, F. , and J. Elwell, â€Å"Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) URIs for Applications such as Voicemail and Interactive Voice Response (IVR)†, RFC 4458, April 2006. [RFC4480] Schulzrinne, H. , Gurbani, V. , Kyzivat, P. , and J. Rosenberg, â€Å"RPID: Rich Presence Extensions to the Presence Information Data Format (PIDF)†, RFC 4480, July 2006. [RFC3903] Niemi, A. , â€Å"Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for Event State Publication†, RFC 3903, October 2004.

Management Accounting Assignment

602 Management Accounting David Xu Id: 65990771 Session Preparation Assignment (SPA) #2 Understanding Key Cost Relationships 1. Read Chapter 2 of SN, Key meanings in the Chapter. Understanding key cost in a firm is the most important issue in management accounting. That is because business survives on value exchange. Customers and business are willing to exchange money and services (products) based on the costs. How products cost can effect a firm’s financial health is very important for managers. Cost objects are the different aspects of a firm’s operation, or products, it is essential concept in management accounting.If not properly handled, cost objects can hinder, not help, the manager to understand to company’s reality. The example here is very easy to explain the situation. Also cost objects are vital to planning, motivation, and controlling. In some cases, manager makes decision to close or open new store in a region based on the cost objects. We can also see products as cost object, normally happen in manufacture business. Because accrual accounting makes a number of judgement and assumptions and all that are subjective, so it is common that managers sometimes understate or overstate a company’s profits in a period.Direct cost and indirect cost VS Raw Material and Maintenance cost The main business in NZ and Australia are service business, mostly dealing with people. Cadbury is a good example for manufacture business. Product cost and period cost. The later is a new concept and is not difficult to understand. Apportion indirect cost. Deciding indirect cost in a company is often not straightforward and sometimes involving a number of judgements and assumptions. We can attach overhead cost to products to better understanding the reality. Function based costing system Predetermined Overhead Absorption ratesActivity based costing systems Variable costs are normally direct costs, it is used in the cost of work-in-progress and fini shed good inventories of products. Fixed and variable costs VS Rates and Raw Materials Variable cost and company’s activity level Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Use of function can help to understand the analysis Very good example to explain the case Contribution margin = Sales – Variable Costs Managers have to make some assumption to in terms of how cost and profits may change at different level of activity 2. Think back to your answers to Section 3 in SPA#1. hat might be the key costs of Ryman Healthcare Ltd? What might be the key issues facing Ryman in terms of managing its costs? Why do you think this? What might be the key cost relationship that you would need to deeply understand in order to be able to manage the business of Ryman Healthcare? The key costs according to the principles of cost objects, they can be: 1) Costs to maintain the retirement villages, including nursing cost, medical cost, etc. 2) Costs to construct retirement villages, including building mate rials, mortgages and interests, etc. ) Costs to market in selling the retirement village units, including advertise, commercials, etc. 4) Logistics costs, includes warehouse, etc. 5) Overheads, including power, rates, security, etc. If I am the CEO of Ryman Healthcare, I think the key issues in managing the costs will be: 1) Hidden costs between different departments in the company. These costs are usually indirect costs in Ryman Healthcare Ltd, like costs to fix leaky buildings in the village units, ever increasing financial costs in the recession economy. ) How to properly apportion indirect costs to Ryman’s main service, occupation rights of individual retirement village units. We have to make some judgement and assumptions in the process. For example, when fix a leaky buildings, the costs can be categorized in building maintenance costs; when financial costs increases because of the financial crisis (more difficult to borrow money), it can be categorized to construction c osts. 3) To analysis the fixed and variable costs in the company. Fixed costs are staff wages, electricity, rates, etc. variable osts are village unit construction cost, outsourcing nursing cost when extra help needed, etc. The key task here is to increase profits and also put the variable costs under control, which is big challenge to CEO in Ryman Healthcare. 4) Use different methods in dealing different department of the company. We can use functional-based costing system method in construction department, and use activity-based costing system in nursing department in apportioning of the indirect costs. Key cost relationship in Ryman Healthcare: The cost relationship can be best expressed in Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP).Function y is variable cost and x is number of village unit, then y = f(x). We assume that variable cost is straight-line function, which means when village units increases, the variable costs (costs to run the villages) increase in the same trend. In reality, when running a retirement village, it has a minimum cost regardless how many units are occupied. We call this minimum cost is M. We also use C as cost to run each unit, the total variable costs can be represented as: Y = M + C x X Y: variable cost M: minimum cost to run a village, it is fixed cost C: cost to run one village unitX: number of village units From the financial statements of Ryman, it has $40 million profits last year, way above break-even point, so we will focus on minimising the total cost. In the above function, if we increase the number of units X, and keep fixed cost at a certain level, then the average fixed cost per unit will reduce. Here we also assume that cost to run per unit is hard to reduce and unchanged at a certain level of village units, and used as constant here. In this CVP analysis, CEO of Ryman Healthcare can deeply understand the cost relationship between fixed cost and variable costs.